Egyptian Art

They dedicated enormous resources to Egyptian rituals and the construction of temples. Because of their beliefs, they developed an exquisite and unique form of art. Their art works centered on their gods and the preparation for eternal life after death. They created sculptures, forms of pottery, paintings and hieroglyphs to decorate burial tombs for their eternal afterlife Journey. This civilization is the most well known for their monumental sculptures, but they also created small sculptures made of stone, wood, and bronze.These were often a suture of a human body with the head of an animal (falcons). They were also known for their astonishing pottery made out of clay which held images of animals, people, and last but not least; their gods. (Above, we can observe an image of the kneeling figure/sculpture of Hatchets. This image is located in page 67 or our eBook – Art: A Brief History. The actual sculpture can be found at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York). The great Sphinx of Gaza is probably one of the most mysterious monuments in the world today.The Great Sphinx is located near modern-day Cairo Egypt and is a lion with a man's head, which is thought to be the head of the Pharaoh Cheapen – the fourth king of the 4th Dynasty is believed to have been the brother or son of Cheeps, but the only problem is that there is no evidence that this temple was in fact built by Pharaoh Cheapen as there are no artifacts or identifying inscriptions of any kind. This isomorphic mythological figure has its origins in sculpted figures from Old Kingdom Egypt and it was the Greeks who named it â€Å"Sphinx† which in Greek hydrology meant: female monster or strangler.The Egyptians basically told us everything about them through their art. Their art revealed to us their beliefs and ways of life. Their art also revealed to us about economical and political changes of their time and so much more. References: Stoked, Coterie (2010). Art: A Brief History – 4th Edition. Pearson Education – up 56 – 75. Http://www. Schenectady. Org/humanities/art-history/art-history-400-c-e–ancient- cultures- 1 [ancient-Egypt/a/Egyptian-art http://www. Crystalline. Com/sphincters. HTML

Advantages of trade liberalization Essay

During these last decades, the world economy has experienced rapid growth. This growth has been fueled in part by the more rapid growth of international trade. Trade growth, in turn, results from both technological developments and concerted efforts to reduce barriers to trade. Some developing countries have opened their economies to take full advantage of opportunities for economic development through trade, but many are those who abstained. Trade barriers that persist in industrialized countries are concentrated on agricultural products and manufacturing intensive labor, for which developing countries have a comparative advantage. The pursuit of trade liberalization, particularly in these areas, both industrialized and developing countries, help the poorest out of extreme poverty while also benefiting the industrialized countries themselves. Policies that open economy to trade and investment around the world are essential to sustained economic growth. For several decades, no country experienced economic success, demonstrated by the substantial increase in living standards of its people, without being open to the rest of the world. Conversely, opening to trade – as well as foreign direct investment – was an important element in the economic success of East Asia, where over the last 20 years the average import duties fell to a level of 30 % to 10 %. China for example, remained closed in 2003 based on the undivided power of the Communist Party and its black market exchange rate premium, which averaged 36% between 1990-1999 (Easterly and Sewadeh, 2002). In addition, China had a relatively high average tariff rate, 31%, between 1990-1999. Today, we can  admit that China is perhaps the best example of the positive connection between openness and economic growth. Reforms in China transformed it from a highly protected market to perhaps the most open emerging market economy by the time it came into the World Trade Organization at the end of 2001 (1). The opening of their economy to the world market is the key factor that has enabled many developing countries to develop comparative advantages in the manufacture of certain products. In these countries that the World Bank called â€Å"new globalists† the number of people living in absolute poverty has declined by more than 120 million people (14% ) between 1993 and 1998 (2). There is a considerable number of facts showing that countries that are more open to the outside tend to consistently grow faster than those which are closed onto themselves (3). In fact, we can see that the benefits of trade liberalization can be more than ten times higher than its Cost. Countries that have opened their economies in recent years, including India, Vietnam and Uganda, have experienced faster growth and a more pronounced reduction of poverty (4). On average, those developing countries that have strongly reduced their tariffs in the 1980s have grown faster than other growth during the 1990s. Trade liberalization often particularly benefits to poors. The increased growth resulting from trade liberalization tends to increase the incomes of the poors in general at the same proportions as those of the entire population (5). New jobs are created for unskilled workers, enabling them to enter the middle class. Generally, inequality between countries has been declining since 1990 , reflecting the fastest economic growth in developing countries, which is partly due to the trade liberalization. Trade liberalization reduces the cost of living. For example, in the EU Member States, services such as transport, energy, postal services and telecommunications have previously been provided by national organisations with exclusive rights to provide a given service. By opening up these markets to international competition, consumers can now choose from a number of alternative service providers and products. Opening up these markets to competition has also allowed consumers to benefit from lower prices and new  services which are usually more efficient and consumer-friendly than before. This helps to make the economy more competitive (6). The elimination of the remaining trade barriers is likely to provide significant gains. Gains from the removal of all barriers to merchandise trade are estimated between 250 and 680 billion dollars per year. Approximately two thirds of these gains accrue to industrialized countries. But the amount for developing countries would still be more than two times higher than the support they currently receive. Further trade liberalization would benefit more, as a percentage of their GDP, to developing countries than to industrialized countries because their economies are more strongly protected and they face higher barriers. Although an improved access to the markets of other countries has advantages, liberalizing their own market is the most profitable to the countries. For industrialized countries, the main benefits come from the liberalization of agricultural markets. Developing countries benefit equally to liberalize their manufacturing and agriculture. Sources 1. http://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/bert-hofman-chinas-economy-7-favorite-number For China’s Economy, 7 Is a Favorite Number, video April 24 2014 https://www.imf.org/external/np/apd/seminars/2003/newdelhi/lardy.pdfTrade Liberalization and Its Role in Chinese Economic Growth, Nicholas R. Lardy, New Delhi, November 14-16, 2003 2. World Bank : Globalization, Growth, and Poverty : Facts, Fears and an Agenda for Action 3. Example: Jeffrey Frankel et David Romer, â€Å"Does Trade Cause Growth?†,American Economic Review, juin 1999 4. David Dollar, â€Å"Globalisation, Inequality, and Poverty since 1980†, World bank 5. David Dollar and Aart Kraay, â€Å"Trade, Growth, and Poverty†, World bank 2001 6. http://www.wto.org/french/thewto_f/whatis_f/10ben_f/10b04_f.htm La libà ©ralisation des à ©changes rà ©duit le coà »t de la vie, Organisation Mondiale du Commerce http://perso.univ-rennes1.fr/denis.delgay-troise/CI/Cours/REI111.pdf L’à ©volution des à ©changes internationaux

Personal Carbon And Emission Trading Environmental Sciences Essay

Until the nineteenth century industrial revolution, the power of C had fuelled the moving ridge of economic development which has delivered the modern society ‘s greatest achievements such as electric lighting, cars and flights. However in the latter half of the century it was noted that these promotions were non without a cost as the first hints of the effects of the society ‘s life style or progresss on the environment began to be noticed. The effects of increased C in our environment have led to the great climatic alterations that have left the universe with more losingss and potentially more loses in the hereafter as noted in the Stern ‘s study if the universe does non undertake the effects of clime alteration. As the universe unites to contend the consequence of clime alteration, a combination of regulative and market based mechanisms are being adopted to set a monetary value on clean air. While this poses a job to concerns with high environmental hazard records, it has created an wholly new industry focused on the emerging C markets market making chance for investors. The United Kingdom has sought of ways of cut downing the consequence of C on the environments and has piloted strategies like the Emissions Trading strategy which ran as a voluntary strategy and now has joined the European Union ETS covering approximately 27 EU states. The mark to cut down emanations by 34 % utilizing the 1990 baseline by 2020 can be achieved by non merely concentrating on merely concerns but besides on the domestic sector which accounts for about half the emanations in the United Kingdom. It will be of great involvement if the United Kingdom besides pioneers strategies that could assist in cut downing single ‘s C emanations as this will travel a long manner in assisting the universe in its battle against clime alteration.IntroductionThe consequence of clime alteration can be felt all around the universe. The old ages between 1995 and 2007 were specifically recorded as the twelveth warmest out of 13 since accurate instrumental records of the planetary surface a ir temperature began in 1850. Noted amongst other climatic alterations are the heat wave that occurred in Central Europe go forthing about 20,000 people dead, periods of remarkably strong air currents in Western Europe, over 15 million trees being blown down in the early hours of the forenoon in Southern England and London countries. Apart from storms, approximately 80 Hurricanes and Typhoons have been recorded which have claimed lives and Property. Floods of unusual speed has have besides occurred due to protract rainfall or drouths, because of long periods of rainfall or decreased /complete absence of it has resulted within the twenty-first century ( Houghton, 2009 ) . These alterations have been as a consequence of the nursery gases present in the ambiance. The gases have a blanketing consequence on the Earth surface by absorbing the thermic radiation being emitted by the Earth ‘s surface. The most of import of these nursery gases is H2O vapor but because its degrees are non being changed or increased by human activities it ‘s non considered as a job but the 2nd in most of import whose degrees is increasing quickly due to human activities is the C dioxide. It has the most heat pin downing consequence out of the other six chief nursery gases. If for illustration the effects of the CFC ‘S and alterations to the ozone was ignored the addition in the C dioxide has ( would hold ) contributed about 72 % of the enhanced nursery gas consequence boulder clay day of the month, methane 21 % and azotic oxide about 7 % . ( Houghton,2009 ) . In 2007, the atmospheric concentration of CO2 has ( had ) risen by 35 % ( from 280 to 370 parts per million ( ppm ) ) since the beginning of the industrial revolution. These gases and other Greenhouse gases ( GHG ) has ( have ) led to a 0.60C ( 1.10F ) addition in planetary norm of surface temperature since 1900 and if the current tendency of addition is non checked the planetary temperatures is expected to lift to approximately 1.4 to 5.8 by 2100 which invariable means more catastrophe in the universe ( Baumert, 2005 ) . These gases and other Greenhouse gases ( GHG ) led since 1900, to an addition of 0.60C ( 1.1oF ) in planetary norm of surface temperature. This tendency is expected to lift to between 1.4 and 5.8 if non checked, and constantly will take to more catastrophes in the universe ( Baumert 2005 ) . The effects of the C dioxide on the environment has since been recognized globally and pressing stairss are been taken to cut down its farther addition and general impact on the environment. The Kyoto Protocol is the first measure taken internationally to extenuate the effects of the altering clime. This understanding signed in 1997 sets an overall decrease of 5.2 % with regard to the 1990 degrees of emanations. Assorted marks were set for groups of states and states within each group based on their economic development and part to the planetary emanation. The United Kingdom for illustration has pledged to cut down its C emanations by 34 % in 2020, the European Union besides has a committedness to cut down emanations by 8 % in five old ages from 2008 to 2012 ( DECC, 2010 ) . The Kyoto protocol provides flexible mechanisms and regulations that would assist member parties to the pact to cut down emanations cost-effectively without impacting the economic development of all parties. The three flexible market based mechanisms for accomplishing these decreases are Emission Trading Scheme, Clean Development Mechanism and the Joint Implementation Mechanism. In the class of this write up we shall hold expression at the Personal Carbon Trading and Emission Trading strategy in the United Kingdom which is now under the European Union, its possible concern chances and jobs.What is Personal Carbon Trading?Personal Carbon Trading is a proposed cap and trade emanations merchandising strategy by the United Kingdom authorities in which grownup persons are provided with C allowances to cover their emanations. The strategy will let persons purchase up C credits to cover for emanations from the purchase of fuel for their private vehicles, energy use at place ( mainly electricity and gas ) and air power. It will non include emanations embedded in the goods being purchased by the person. The UK domestic sector histories for approximately 42 % of the entire CO2 emanations and this comprises of 30 % infinite warming, 4 % from illuming, 10 % from H2O warming, 29 % from personal travel,12 % from vacation travel and 2 % from other travel ( BERR,2007 ) . This analysis goes to demo that persons are responsible for about half the CO2 emanations in the United Kingdom and in order for the authorities to accomplish its marks of 80 % decrease in CO2 emanations in 2050, a strategy that will assist in cut downing personal C emanation decrease will be needed. There are assorted policies that have been provided in order aid cut down the C emanation from end-users of energy in the United Kingdom. These includes strategies like the Carbon Reduction Commitment Energy Efficiency Scheme, Smart Metering, rebates that could be received from revenue enhancement when put ining energy efficient systems, value added revenue enhancement decreases in some insularity stuffs aimed at supplying more efficient energy nest eggs in the edifices etc. In every bit much as these policies and inducements have been provided there is really no strategy that has been established to adequately bring on behavioural alterations to individual ‘s ingestion penchants on goods and services with C emanation In order for the authorities to run into the 2050 mark much accent has to be paid on cut downing the domestic sector marks alongside the concern and industry as about half the entire emanations are made by the domestic sectors. The Personal Carbon trading is taught to be a sort of strategy that could convey about the behavioural alterations on the graduated table required to efficaciously cut down the C emanations. The Environmental Change establishment made a proposition that the Personal Carbon Trading Scheme could take to the coveted trading strategy by binding together three basic mechanisms that could take to behavioural alteration in human existences. The figure 1 below shows the interplay between these three mechanisms to cut down energy demand. Figure 1: Beginning ECI, 2010. A strategy that can easy interplay with these three mechanisms will obvious ( ly ) offer the chances required for lower energy demand and accordingly, lower C emanation trading. Defra carried out a research in May 2008, to determine how the personal C trading will work out and they looked at the undermentioned facets: societal acceptableness, economic and proficient feasiblenesss, equity and distributional impact, and the strategy ‘s effectivity in the context of the bing policy landscape.It concluded that â€Å" personal C trading has possible to prosecute persons in taking action to battle clime alteration, but is basically in front of its clip and expected costs for execution are high † . Defra besides indicated involvement in the strategy stating that â€Å" the Government remains interested in the construct of personal C trading and, although it will non be go oning its research programme at this phase, it will supervise the wealth of research concentrating on this country and may present personal C trading if the value of C nest eggs and cost deductions alteration † ( Defra 2008 ) .PROPOSED WAYS OF CARRYING OUT COST EFFECTIVE PERSONAL CARBONTrading.TechnologyThe United Kingdom has good established engineerings that could help the running of the personal C trading. Some of the engineerings used in running the assorted shop cards and the ways in which informations are stored and utilised each clip persons make purchases can besides be used in the execution of the personal C trading. A system that could include the personal C histories to some of the selected shop cards particularly those that can cover energy purchases, fuel purchases and the flight travels could be considered as a manner of accomplishing this trade. Besides wishing the sum of C used with the present strategy of the EUETS can assist persons merchandise easy when they have excesss with concerns and persons who needs more through a centralized information base. Social Acceptability: The extract of the personal C trading into our mundane twenty-four hours life can besides been seen in the manner the populace is presented with the cognition of the consequence of clime alteration and demand to set up a behavioural alteration.Most persons have been introduced with one shop card or the other and these cards can transport tonss of information on personal ingestions of some goods and services. If a card is made the C trading card and the information ‘s infused in some of the already existing cards or being issued and made a compulsory demand for personal purchases which includes energy, fuels and flights it could function as a voguish manner of cut downing C emanations. The CSE have besides found the success of shop trueness cards peculiarly encouraging: Estimates vary between 65 % and 85 % for the proportion of families which have at least one trueness card. However, the graduated table and rate of take up of trueness cards is likely less relevant to single C trading systems than the findings that: ( a ) people seem absolutely prepared to purchase things utilizing more than one card per dealing, and ; ( B ) these companies have established tremendous databases which firmly store personal informations and huge sums of dealing informations ( Roberts and Thumim, 2006 ) . These estimations goes to demo that the trueness shop cards has gained societal credence by the populace and if the personal C trading strategy is linked to it there will be no much hurdle in deriving single or public credence. The CSE besides calculated that the Tesco Club card database collects some 50 billion pieces of informations per twelvemonth. Based on the Tyndall Centres ‘s appraisals of dealing figures, the CSE calculated that a personal C trading database would hold to treat 15A billion pieces of informations per twelvemonth.Benefits of Personal Carbon Trading.One of the most of import of the countries of chance for the UK economic growing is the low C sector. The universe is doing a passage from a high to low C hereafter as assorted States attempts in the battle to undertake clime alteration leads to a alteration in economic system. The planetary markets for low C goods is deserving three million lbs and it is projected to turn to 4.3 trillion by 2015 ( Innovas, 2009 ) . If the personal C trading is made a policy there will be tonss of benefits for persons and the environment at big. Some of the benefits are highlighted as follows: There will be a behavioral alteration in the manner energy is being used and the less energy use there is the less carbon emanations to the environment. Implementing the personal C trading strategy will take to farther development in low C engineerings as more development in countries of less C use by persons will increase penchants for low C energy, flights etc. In the instance where the personal C trading is being incorporated into the whole economic system so there could be potencies of trading C allowances between persons and concerns. This will besides assist in farther decreases in C emanations as more net incomes persons have for practising effectual ways of cut downing their C pes print the more they will make to derive more. Execution of the personal C trading will be more favourable in footings of decrease in C emanations than C revenue enhancements. Because the C revenue enhancements on assorted goods and flight under the strategy can be viewed by persons as a mere addition in monetary value but the C trading can be seen as an avenue of honoring people actively cut downing their C use.Emission Trading SCHEME IN THE UNITED KINGDOMEmission Trading is a market mechanism designed for the decrease of pollution by the proviso of economic inducements for organic structures that have achieved quantifiable decrease of gaseous pollutants. In the United Kingdom, the emanations trading strategy ran as a voluntary trading strategy between 2002 and 2006 prior the mandatory European Union Emission Trading Scheme ( EU ETS ) . This nevertheless made it the first State in the universe to affect assorted companies and organic structures in the C trade. Though Denmark ran a nursery strategy but it merely included 8 electricity companies. Now the European Emission Trading Scheme is the largest emanation trading strategy in the universe holding the engagement of 27 European states. It aims at cut downing the green house gas emanations by 20 % below the 1990 degrees by 2020. The strategy places a cap on the sum of C dioxide emitted by concerns and creates a market and a monetary value for C allowances. It covers about 45 % of the emanations in the European Union and about 12,000 industrial installings ( Carbon Trust, 2010 ) These allowances can be obtained for free but power bring forthing companies will hold to pay for these allowances by 2013. Large emitters of CO2 are expected to supervise and describe their CO2 emanations and return the tantamount allowances of emanations to the authorities yearly. In a command to avoid any abnormalities that might happen during the class of a twelvemonth for illustration in utmost winter or summer periods, works operators subject to the EU ETS is given a period of several old ages at one time. These Numberss of old ages are referred to as a trading period. The strategy is divided in three stages. The first stage started in 2005 and expired in 2007.This was more or less a trial stage for the strategy execution. The 2nd stage is presently traveling on and it began in 2008 and will run till 2012. In this stage member provinces are expected to put a â€Å" cap † on emanations. These caps are converted to allowances known as EUA ( European Union Allowance ) . Each EUA is tantamount to one metric ton of CO2. Member provinces are expected to administer these allowances to assorted relevant installings involved in the strategy in their several states harmonizing to their National Allocation plans ( NAP ) . 10 % of the allowances will be auctioned alternatively of being free and higher per centums will be allotted in the United Kingdom and Germany. All installings will be expected to supervise and verify all C emanations and at the terminal of each twelvemonth must give up allowances to cover up for assorted emanations and can purchase emanations to cover up for extra emanations within the twelvemonth. The Joint Implementation mechanism and the Clean Development mechanism can be used within this stage to farther heighten the strategy. The Phase 3 will get down be 2013 and run boulder clay 2020. The execution will so be at the EU Level instead than single states. It is expected that there will be a diminution on the â€Å" cap † at least by 1.74 % which will interpret to less emanations of approximately 21 % less the Greenhouse gas emanations of 2005. The strategy will besides cover more organic structures and companies like the air power sectors and some metal bring forthing companies. For some it will include other nursery gases and CO2 emanations. The allowances will be greatly auctioned instead than given freely and the usage of the Clean Development Mechanism will be tightly restricted.Benefits of the Emission Trading SchemeThe Emission Trading Scheme offers a flexible manner of cut downing emanations. The procedures involved are non bureaucratic as one has the option of slaking emanations by securing energy efficiency tools and using other assorted procedures of cut downing emanations or purchasing up allowances in order to cover the emanations released unto the environment.The Emission Trading Scheme offers a transparent market and liquid market that has a decreased consequence of use from the authorities. There is a correlativity between energy monetary values and C monetary values. During the Phase 1 of the EU ETS ( 2005-2007 ) , the supply for C allowances was fixed and determined by the National Allocation Plan of each state of the European Union. The monetary value of C was traded for approximately 7 euros in the half of 2005, it rose and steadily peaked at 29 euros per metric ton in July and so fell to 20 euros per metric ton a month subsequently. The monetary value of C besides rose to 30 euros per metric ton in April 2006 and so fell to 10euros by the terminal of the month. Some of the energy companies was affected as this led to a decrease in net incomes they got by grandfathering the C allowances. For illustration the British Energy lost approximately 5 % of its stock Market value during the three yearss of this downward tendency of C monetary values. ( Gulli,2008 ) In kernel and efficaciously run EU ETS Scheme can take to downward tendency of electricity and gas monetary values as fewer emanations from the power Stationss will intend less allowances to be provided to cover emanations produced.DecisionThe Kyoto pact has provided three chief mechanisms to assist cut down the rate of C emanations to the environment. One of the mechanisms that have been demoing a possible decrease in C emanation is the emanation trading strategy. The European Union proposed a decrease in nursery gases by 21 % in 2020 below the 2005 degrees. In 2009, the CO2 emanations was reduced by 11 % ( Good,2010 ) . In every bit much as the planetary economic downswing played a important function it is believed that the strategy can actively cut down the C emanations from about 10,000 power installings soon under the strategy. Since the strategy works chiefly by high C dioxide emitters purchasing higher C credits for the sum they emit. For the United Kingdom which is under the European Union to efficaciously run into their 12.5 % C decrease mark by 2020 it is imperative that the sector that emits about half the emanations should be decently catered for in footings of making and strategy or policy that will help decrease in emanations. The domestic sector has been noted to account for approximately 40 % of the emanations in the United Kingdom and suggestions are that a strategy such as the personal C trading strategy would help a behavioural alteration in person ‘s high C emanations ensuing from energy ( electricity and gas ) ingestions, flight travels, and personal fuel ingestion can assist in cut downing and accomplishing the C emanations mark. There are benefits of the personal C trading strategy and the emanations trading strategy both to persons and the environment at big. With effectual running of this strategy power monetary values can be affected and besides the clime alteration effects can be curbed.

Sociology written assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sociology written assignment - Essay Example People often said that Josie had a bad reputation. Personally, I found Josie to be a nice person. I was in many of her classes and would often have conversations. I thought she was an interesting and curious person. She never made fun of me and always seemed to generally be respectful. However, other people felt that she had a bad reputation. They didn't know her well, but that was their superficial impression. They heard rumours about her which often were not true. Her reputation, which spread quickly in the school, seemed to precede her wherever she want. She became a character that people would talk about even though they didn't actually know her in person. People who had never had a conversation felt that they knew everything about her. They felt they were in a position to judge her because there was a kind of story being told by everyone about her. In a sense her reputation made her a public commodity. It is clear from the research that bad reputations are created when people de viate from social norms. In Josie's case it was clear that a lot of her behaviour set her apart from the other students in the school. She experimented with alcohol before other students and had friends who were a fair amount older. She also took part in a number of disturbance, further marking her out from the social group.

Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Nursing - Essay Example my motivation, but the promise that I have for all patients I handle, â€Å"to provide quality health care to them at all times.† This is because I focus on being an individual that the society can respect for the decision I make with reference to health care issues. According to Promise Healthcare (2014), Promise Healthcare is an example of modern hospital organizations, which offers largest long-term acute care. The organization does this while embracing the interdisciplinary approach of offering quality treatment and care to patients of different injuries and illnesses. As such, I believe that this is the perfect organization for me to accomplish personal goals of offering quality healthcare to individuals of different cultural backgrounds. Further, Promise Healthcare does not have issues of race and ethnicity discrimination, which makes it to remain, focused on the delivery of quality healthcare for the patients. Thus, working in this organization will create an opportunity to learn on how to direct focus on the goal of health and overcome social barriers in delivery quality health

Toward a Personology of the Consumer by Hans Baumgartner Essay

Toward a Personology of the Consumer by Hans Baumgartner - Essay Example The main objective of the study undertaken by Hans Baumgartner is to be able to present a certain perspective on the personology of the consumer. It can be considered as the main basis of the study on the personality psychology. In the achievement of such level of knowledge, the main determinants of consumer behavior can be achieved. The study presented can be considered as a library-based description and exploration of the established concept and updates regarding the research on consumer behavior. It can be considered advantageous in the determination and evaluation of the amount of knowledge in the said field. Consequently, the results gathered in the said field can be considered limited, for that matter, the aims of the said study can be essential to serve as a stimulus for further research. Based on the Handbook of Consumer Behavior, as quoted by the author, the limited information on the determination of the consumer behavior is based on the probabilistic models of the choices that are made by consumers, the neo-Pavlovian conditioning and the role of psychophysiology in consumer research. These concepts can be considered as influences on the choices made by the consumers. Although this is the case, the said concepts are not considered to cover the main personality and behavior of the consumers (Baumgartner , 2002). Based on the point of view of the author, the personality of the consumers can be distinctly identified from the choices that they can make regarding the different products in the market. This can be considered probable since different personalities can be stereotypically judged to have different preference and needs. Choices can be at some point considered as a narrow precept in the determination of the consumer behavior.

Ford Pinto Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ford Pinto Case - Essay Example This line of thinking is supported by the first principle in Rawls’ theory of justice: that each person is entitled to the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties (Oyeshile, 2008, p. 65). Among our human liberties, nothing is more basic than the liberty to be secure in one’s right to life and well-being. The intentional deprivation of one’s life and health becomes an unethical act and works against the theory of justice of Rawlsianism. Furthermore, in weighing the theoretical costs to benefits, Ford transgressed the principle of Mill’s utilitarianism which defines value as not merely that which pertains to quantity (pursuant to Bentham’s hedonism), but that which takes into account the quality, or the good making properties which determine value (West, 2006, p. 120). In short, the net benefit in dollars and cents cannot offset the threat to human life and health that their design posed. ââ€"  Is American industry at too much risks for lawsuits to remain competitive? Should lawsuits such as the one against Ford be disallowed or limited? Why or why not? Should we try to restrain, in this and other product liability situations, the litigiousness that seems to characterize American life? How might we do this? There are some lawsuits built on superficial claims of product liability, simply because they negate the role played by customer negligence. In the case of the Ford Pinto, however, the customer has a real and valid actionable claim against Ford. The sale of a product is inclusive of warranties against product defects, and in the Pinto case, an exploding gas tank is a huge defect. Furthermore, seen from the Rawlsian difference principle, social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged. In this case, individual customers are the much

Self-Projection Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Self-Projection Project - Essay Example This has helped me explore a deeper side of myself that I never knew was possible. It has helped me see how others view myself, and that is one of the most valuable lessons that I take away from this. I tend to think that I know myself well. I have a very good sense of self. I know what I am good at and what needs improvement. I am constantly making self-improvements. To a certain extent, I really motivate others, and it has been shown through the interviews that I have garnered from friends, family, and colleagues, that I excel in almost anything I do. I guess one might say that I am a very high-strung (at times) individual, but that I make sure to keep all of my commitments. I have several hard and soft skills which I feel will serve me well in the future. One of my best assets is my leadership. I have good leadership skills which set me apart from the crowd. I also have amazing public speaking skills and can dazzle a crowd with my linguistic stylings. Really, it depends upon the p articular audience, but I know how to adapt myself to almost any setting and it shows. I am somewhat of an extroverted person; I enjoy making new friends and acquaintances, and am somewhat of a socially motivated person in that sense. I don’t pull any punches and am very honest with people about what I expect of them and how I expect to be treated in return. Another great feature I like about myself is that I have been able to use my outgoing nature to win friends, make money, and influence people. Meeting new people and seeing the world is part of what makes me who I am today. I have a real zest for life and believe you shouldn’t take life for granted. So, I eat life for breakfast, and I don’t mean the cereal! (Lol.) It is totally possible to learn something new from anyone that I meet and therefore, in business as well as in my leisure time, I always make sure to develop a solid list of contacts and social networks, since social networking is the wave of the f uture. I know that I can count on my friends and family to be there for me when things get difficult. Something else about me is that I am a very positive person. This has served me well in the past, as I definitely believe in karma and the phrase, â€Å"What goes around comes back around† (Janin, 2004, pp. 152). Like Anne Frank, I believe in the general goodness inherent in people. Everyone should be able to help everyone else out. Currently, one of the books I am reading is very inspiring. It’s called Viktor Frankl’s book Man’s Search for Meaning. It talked about how Frankl survived Auschwitz, one of the worst concentration camps, by using logotherapy—also known as talk therapy. Frankl talks about the importance of prisoners to maintain their human dignity in the face of conditions that were worse than inhumane. I am the sort of person who likes solving problems, yet at the same time, I don’t have patience for things like crossword puzzles and so forth. I enjoy challenges, but sometimes I admit I can be a bit intellectually lazy, not fully taxing my mental capacities to their hilt because I am reserving brainpower for truly important and difficult tasks. I don’t like to use my energy unnecessarily; therefore, I keep a very tight rein on my time and how I control it. I always make sure that I know who I am going to be spending time with and what I should do to manage this time. My ability to tackle challenges, combined with the fact that I am a positive person, helps me to avoid bad situations and difficult people. This is part of what breeds success in my life and in my living environment. About me, I am definitely a team player, which has always been a strength of

Cyper ethics Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cyper ethics - Article Example In accordance with Alvin Goldman critics, the internet has greatly deteriorated the influence that the conventional media once had on the people by lack of truth in the messages being conveyed. As a result, this affects the epistemic prospects of the voting public. Alvin explains filtering as a process whereby, a third person is involved in the process of communication. In addition, he further explains that the person should have the power to select preferred messages that should be sent via certain channel of communication. According to Alvin, this is important as it is the most appropriate way of ensuring that the community can track the truth from politics thus enhancing democracy. Moreover, filtering has been applied in scientific journals and the common law in the process of determining the truth and by so doing; it should also be used in the practices of the social media so as to promote the truth. From Richard Posner’s discussions, it is quite clear that the function of news is to inform people about social, political, cultural, ethical and economic issues. Therefore, journalists and their employers are under an ethical duty to report news accurately and soberly without being biased. However, Richard Posner has pointed various occasions whereby news has been sensationalized and as a result, raised unnecessary anxiety. He explains that this is as a result of increase in the number of television channels due to satellites and numerous online blogs and newspapers even though he concludes that it isn’t much to worry about. In my opinion, I do not think that he’s right as sensationalized news could cause very serious and tragic consequences. This is because could foster crisis especially in during an election and lead to disunity in the region thus destruction of property and consequently harming the economy. Moreover, I am completely in harmony with

Childhood Immunizations and Vaccinations Research Paper

Childhood Immunizations and Vaccinations - Research Paper Example From then on, several vaccines have been developed which have helped in the control of several infectious diseases. During vaccination, an antigenic material is introduced into the body that evokes immune response to the host similar to the one that occurs when the infectious agent enters the body. Thus, when the individual is presented with the concerned pathogen, the already present immune response prevents the pathogen from either entering the body or evoking a disease process of both (Shah, Nitin and Kukrej, 2007). The antigens introduced for vaccination purpose either resemble the pathogen against which the immune response is expected, or are non-viable or attenuated forms of the pathogen. Since the time of introduction of vaccines, several diseases have been able to be controlled. Small pox could be eradicated mainly because of vaccination. However, vaccination is still a debated topic in several corners, eliciting medical, religious, political and ethical implications. Vaccina tion is associated with several disadvantages too because of which, many researchers often wonder if vaccination is necessary for mankind. In this essay, the advantages and disadvantages of vaccination will be discussed through review of suitable literature. Benefits of vaccination Vaccines mainly act by eliciting immunity against a particular disease. There are basically 2 types of immunity and they are innate and acquired. While the former develops after actual exposure to the disease, acquired develops following exposure to vaccination and this may be passive or active. Passive immunity occurs when the antibodies against a particular organism are directly injected into the body. Active immunity develops when antibodies are produced by the individual itself after providing an antigenic stimulus. While passive immunity offers short-term protection, active immunity renders long term protection. Examples of passive immunity are administration of anti-rabies serum following exposure t o rabies. The vaccinations given in the immunisation schedules are examples of active immunity. Depending on the which type of T-lymphocyte series which are stimulated, the immune response can be humoral, cell mediated or both. Each vaccine is given at a distinct time, dose and schedule. The timing of any vaccine is based on susceptibility to the disease, presence of maternal antibodies and reactogenecity. Thus oral polio vaccine, hepatitis B and BCG vaccines are given at birth, because of lack of maternal immunity to diseases protected by the vaccines, tuberculosis, Hepatitis B infection and Polio. Diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus are given in early childhood in order to provide maximum reactogenecity and effective protection against these diseases (Shah, p.14). The advantages of childhood vaccinations are innumerous and it is because of these advantages that most countries in the world have adopted vaccination as a main strategy to prevent childhood diseases in their public healt h policies. There is no doubt that vaccination is the best strategy to prevent certain types of infectious diseases in newborns, infants, children and even adults who are vulnerable to some diseases. In some cases, despite vaccination, disease due to the pathogen may manifest. In these cases, the

Huck Finn Not Racist Essay Example for Free

Huck Finn Not Racist Essay Mark Twain’s, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is not a racist book because it was written back when the N-word was present in every-day language. Twain constantly used the N-word because it was used in dialect around when it was written. Twain also refers to his not at the beginning of the book to show that his writing is not discriminatory. The portrayal of Jim is based on what twain thought a slave was like. Mark Twain’s use of dialect throughout the story is only used because that was how the average people spoke in that certain time period in which the book was written. In his dialect he is showing that the use of the N-word during that time period was used in reference to the slaves, people didn’t really care for the black people. He uses the dialect ironically to undermine the ways of the old south, showing that they didn’t even notice if a black was killed, they only cared what happened in their own race. At one point there is a boat that explodes, and in town a woman asks one of the men, â€Å"Good gracious! anybody hurt? † and the man replies â€Å"No’m†, â€Å"Killed a n â€Å" this shows the south’s negligibility towards the southern blacks, they didn’t see them as humans. Twain shows this in instances when the King and Duke refer to him, they are just con artists By today’s standards the book is racist because N-word is a derogatory term in modern society, but he uses the term only because that is the term that they used back then. Context Doesn’t say anything about the slaves being inferior, but rather that they are equal to us Doesn’t condone slavery, they are humans they wanyt the same things as we do, freedom, and a real life. Twain does infact show how the slaves would be treated but he does not agree with what they do, he says nothing to show that he agrees with racism.

Diamond cites multiple factors Essay Example for Free

Diamond cites multiple factors Essay A tale of two very similar farms, 500 years apart in time, in Montana and in Greenland respectively, sets the scene for Jared Diamond’s romp round the known world with an ecological bee in his bonnet. One farm prospered, and the other collapsed. Here ends the first reading, and sure enough, another few dozen parables of human folly follow immediately after. The book reads like a sequel to Diamond’s Pulitzer Prize winning title of 1997: Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies even though the focus this time is more firmly on the societies that failed. The same cherry-picking formula is used, and the same breezy tone makes Collapse a fairly easy read, despite its heavy theme and expansive range. The book’s central thesis is that it is geography, more than history, that ultimately causes the demise of individual human communities and societies. This is perhaps not surprising from a professor of geology and physiology at the University of California in Los Angeles. The frozen wastes of Greenland and the striking stone heads of Easter Island are presented as grim reminders of past civilisations. Diamond cites multiple factors such as environmental change, climate change, hostile neighbours, loss of trading partners and a poor response to emerging environmental problems as the causes of decline and ultimately the collapse of these societies. He is at his best when he talks about smaller, more isolated and pre-industrial groups, putting us all in mind of an earlier time when people generally lived in villages rather than cities. The book shifts, however, and applies the same kind of analysis to large city-based civilizations like the ancient Maya of South America and more mixed modern economies such as China and Australia. In these cases, as they say, the plot thickens and when Diamond gets his crystal ball out, he predicts that China, â€Å"the lurching giant† will have to apply its typical top-down draconian pressures to environmental issues in the same way that it enforced a strict curb on the birth rate. Diamond’s innocuous description of China’s brutal one child ruling as â€Å"family planning policies †¦ bold and effectively carried out† underplays the culture shift that would need to occur if ever a western democracy were to try a similar tactic in aid of environmental reforms. One can’t help thinking that Diamond has not yet got his head round the concept of globalization and the astonishing capacity that modern democracies have for technological solutions to the old crises of supply and demand of raw resources. His rather glib conclusion â€Å"Globalization makes it impossible for modern societies to collapse in isolation†¦ for the first time we face the risk of a global decline† simply expands the primitive pattern to a bigger scale. This book is a wake up call. Some of its claims are exaggerated, as when the situation of modern Australia is compared to â€Å"an exponentially accelerating horse race† which for Diamond means â€Å"accelerating in the manner of a nuclear chain reaction. † The metaphors may be hopelessly mixed, but the point he is making is clear and critically important. After a leisurely wander through most of human civilisation as we know it, Diamond draws sobering conclusions about the cost of mistakes that we should, theoretically at least, be able to predict and deal with before they become fatal and final errors. While we may not be able to agree with all of his conclusions, we certainly are in debt to Jared Diamond for providing us with, yet again, a gripping sequence of well-drawn episodes and plenty of food for thought.

SSI Units

SSI Units I. Introduction INTRODUCTION TO SSI UNITS After gaining independence India in 1947, there was a felt need of economic prosperity and to revive the nation. Hence India focused on developing itself as a manufacturing base. The planners then took the decision of promoting the small scale industries. They were of the view that ssi can play a significant role in the economic progress of the country as it had huge potential in employment generation, which was the major problem faced during that period of time. Earlier the small scale sector was a sector involved in traditional labor with outdated machineries and inefficient techniques of production. But since then due to the coordinated efforts of the government and the commercial banks the position of SSI has improved. These efforts include * Reservation of items to be manufactured by the SSI * Credit marketing * Technology and entrepreneurship development * fiscal, financial and infrastructural support II. Small Scale Industries 2.1Small Scale and Ancillary Industries Small scale industrial units are those engaged in the manufacture, processing or preservation of goods and whose investment in plant and machinery (original cost) does not exceed Rs.1 crore. These would, inter alia, include units engaged in mining or quarrying, servicing and repairing of machinery. In the case of ancillary units, the investment in plant and machinery (original cost) should also not exceed Rs. 1 crore to be classified under small-scale industry. The investment limit of Rs. 1 crore for classification as SSI has been enhanced to Rs.5 crore in respect of certain specified items under hosiery, hand tools, drugs pharmaceuticals, stationery items and sports goods by the Government of India. 2.2. Tiny Enterprises The status of ‘Tiny Enterprises may be given to all small scale units whose investment in plant machinery is up to Rs. 25 lac, irrespective of the location of the unit. III. Small Scale Industries Financing Finance is the blood for any organization. It is that resource which provides the resources for other factors of production, hence its importance cannot be ignored. After the independence, the Government of India has built upon the network of institutions to provide financial assistance to the small scale industries. Since small scale industries need promotionary help from the government and government has other sectors to look upon for the overall development of the country and hence it has entrusted this duty upon the commercial banks. They have evolved various methods of financing and left the traditional methods far behind and evolved themselves into development banks. The importance of the SSI sector can be best explained by the census according to which this sector employees around 60 million persons. And if we talk in terms of value then this sector accounts for about 48% of manufacturing output and 42% of the total exports of the country. 3.1 Types of Industrial Finance: Depending upon the time period requirement of funds the financing can be classified into the following three types: 1) Short term financing: this refers to those funds which are required by the entrepreneurs for short term ie. For a period ranging less than one year. The motive of such funding is to meet the working capital requirements of the enterprise. 2) Medium term financing: this refers to those funds which are required by entrepreneurs for a period ranging from one to five years. This type is needed to fund the permanent working capital requirements, small expansions, replacements, and modifications etc. these funds can be raised through the following resources: Issue of debentures Issue of shares Borrowing from banks and other financial institutions Ploughing back of profits ie the retained earnings 3) Long term financing: it refers to that financing which is extended for a period ranging for more than 5 years. Such funds are required by entrepreneurs for the purpose of investing into fixed assets, for expansion purpose, for bringing about modernization in the enterprise and introduction of new technology. 3.2 Means of finance: Credit Flow The main source of input to the sustained growth of small scale sector industries is CREDIT. Credit has already been classified into short term, long term and medium term on the basis of requirement of the enterprise. The institutional arrangement for providing the capital requirement of the SSI is as follows: SSI are provided the working capital by the commercial banks and in some case this initiative is taken up by cooperative banks and regional rural banks. In case of term loans the provision is made by the state financial corporations, small industries development corporations, national small industries corporation and NABARD. Financial assistance to SSI by NSIC is also made in the form of supply of machinery on hire purchase basis. Even tiny units are able to get loans from commercial banks along with working capital in the form of composite loans. Refinancing facilities to the above institutions are provide by Small Industries Development Bank of India(SIDBI) Term loans on long term basis are provided to the small scale units by SFCs mainly through Single window Scheme and National equity fund. Under single window scheme also the SFC provide some part of working capital for pre operative expenses. 3.2.1 Credit to SSI Sector from Public Sector Banks The table below gives the positions with regard to flow of credit to SSI Sector:- At the end of March 2005 At the end of March 2006 At the end of March 2007 At the end of March 2008 At the end of March 2009 Net Bank Credit 1,69,038 1,84,381 1,89,684, 2,18,219 2,46,203 Credit to SSI 25,843 29,485 31,542 38,109 42,674 No. of SSI Accounts (in lakhs) 32.25 33.77 N.A. 29.64 N.A. SSI Credit as percentage of Net Bank Credit 15.29 15.99 16.6 17.5 17.33 There is a marginal decline in share of credit to SSI sector as a percentage of net bank credit. 3.2.2 Credit to Tiny Sector The Table below gives the status of credit flow to tiny sector since 1995:- At the end of March 1995 At the end of March 1996 At the end of March 1997 At the end of March 1998 Net Credit to Tiny Sector 7734 8183 9515 10273.13 Tiny credit as percentage of net SSI credit 29.93 27.76 30.2 27.0 The advances outstanding against Tiny sector increased from Rs.9515 crores at the end of March, 1997 to Rs. 10273 crores at the end of March, 1998. The share of tiny sector in the advances to SSI sector has, however, decreased from 30.2% at the end of March 1997 to 27.0% at the end of March, 1998. As per RBI guidelines, 40% priority sector lending going to SSI has to go to tiny units with investment in plant and machinery below Rs. 5 lakhs and another 20% to tiny units with investment in plant and machinery between Rs. 5 lakhs and Rs. 25 lakhs. Thus, against the target of 60% of SSI credit for tiny units, actual flow at 27% is very low. 3.2.4 Steps taken by Reserve Bank of India to improve credit flow to SSI sector a) Investment limit has been enhanced from Rs.60 lakhs to Rs.300 lakhs and for tiny units from Rs.5 lakhs to Rs.25 lakhs. As per the RBI guidelines the funds normally available to SSI sector, 40% be given to units with investment in plant and machinery up to Rs. 5 lakhs; 20% for units with investment between Rs. 5 lakhs to Rs.25 lakhs and remaining 40% for other units. b) to expand the extent of Single Window Scheme of SIDBI to all districts to meet the term loan working capital financial requirements of SSIs. c) With a view to manage the cost of credit to SSI units, banks are advised to grant loans to only those SSI units with a good track record. 3.2.5 Monitoring Credit to SSIs is subject to regular monitoring by Reserve Bank of India, Department of SSI ARI, National Advisory Committee of SIDBI, State Level Bankers Committee and District Level Coordination Committees of the Bank. 3.2.6 Fresh initiatives announced in the Budget of 2008-2009 In this budget speech the Finance Minister has announced the following measures for improving credit supply to SSI sector a) A new credit insurance scheme launched. The problem of inadequate provision of security to banks and the rate of low recovery are recognized as the constraints of flow of credit to SSI units.the problem is more complex in case of tiny sector units and export oriented units. And the above scheme is launched in the purview of this problem for the help of SSI units. b) Composite Loan Scheme Limit Enhanced to Rs. 5 Lakhs Another provision made in the budget is that the composite loan scheme of SIDBI and commercial banks designed to solve operational difficulties of the small borrowers by presiding term loan and working capital through a single window. The limit for composite loans has been enhanced from Rs. 2 lakhs to Rs. 5 lakhs. c) Working Capital Limit Enhanced to Rs. 5 Crores In the case of SSi units, the need for working capital is determined on the basis of 20% of the annual turnover. There is a provision in the banks to enhance this limit from 4 crore to 5 crore. d) Credit Delivery to Tiny Sector To increase the outreach of banks to the tiny sector, leading by banks to Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) or other financial intermediaries for purposes of on-lending to the tiny sector is being included within the definition of priority sector for bank lending. 3.2.7 High level committee for credit (Kapur committee) Inorder to boost the financing activity of the SSI RBI appointed one man committee to improve the delivery system and simplify the procedures for the credit availability for the SSI. The Committee has submitted its report to RBI on 30th June, 1998. Some of the major recommendations of the Committee are:- i) Special treatment to smaller among small industries ii) Enhancement in the quantum of composite loans iii) Removal of procedural difficulties in the path of SSI advances iv) Sorting out issues relating to mortgages of land including removal of stamp duty and permitting equitable mortgages v) Allowing access to low-cost funds to Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) for refinancing SSI loans vi) Non-obtaining of collaterals for loans up to Rs.2 lakhs; vii) Setting up of a collateral reserve fund to provide support to first party guarantees; viii) Setting up of a Small Industries Infrastructure Development Fund for developing industrial areas in/around metropolitan and urban areas; ix) Change in the definition of sick SSI units; x) Giving statutory powers to State Level Inter-Institutional (SLIIC); xi) Setting up of a separate guarantee organisation and opening of 1,000 additional specialised branches; and xii)Enhancement of SIDBIs role and status to match with that of National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD). Kapur Committee has made 126 recommendations out of which RBI has already accepted 40 recommendations for implementation. 3.3 Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) SIDBI was set up by an Act of Parliament, as an apex institution for promotion, financing and development of industries in small scale sector and for coordinating the functions of other institutions engaged in similar activities. It commenced operations on April 2, 1990. SIDBI extends direct/indirect financial assistance to SSIs, assisting the entire spectrum of small and tiny sector industries on All India basis. The range of assistance comprising financing, extension support and promotional, are made available through appropriate schemes of direct and indirect assistance for the following purposes:- } direct credit to the SME(small medium enterprises) . } support to micro-finance institutions for capacity building and on lending . } provides financial support to the sick / small scale industries. } Principal Financial institution engaged in development initiative in rural sector and improving the SSI unit. } Also encouraging SSIS and generating employment in rural India. The Bank also performing the rehabilitation duty and improving the performance of small Industries. VARIOUS SCHEMES FOR FINANCING OF SSI 3.3.1 Direct Assistance Schemes SIDBI directly assists SSIs under the following scheme: Project Finance Scheme Equipment Finance Scheme Marketing Scheme Vendor Development Scheme Infrastructural Development Scheme Technology Development Modernisation Fund Venture Capital Scheme These schemes aim at solving the key issues in SSI ie., the problems of high tech project, marketing, infrastructure development, quality improvement, export financing and venture capital assistance. 3.3.2 Indirect Assistance Schemes Under its indirect schemes, SIDBI extends refinancing facility of loans to small scale sector by SFCs, SIDCs and Banks. Till now refinance is extended to 896 PLIs and these PLIs have their network extended to more than 67000 branches with the help of which they provide financing to these SSI. 3.3.3 Promotional and Development Activities SIDBI is also into providing other assistance to the SSI for its development besides limiting itself to the provision of simple financing. It involves itself in Entrepreneurship development programmmes, modernization programmes and micro credit schemes inorder to bring about economic empowerment of women specially in the rural areas by providing them opportunities of training and development. A.Refinance against term loans in respect of projects/activities eligible for assistance under the Scheme Interest on term loans for fixed asets and working capital advances (excluding interest tax) (% p.a.) Interest on Refinance (% p.a.) (i)Upto and inclusive of Rs. 25,000 12.0 9.0 (ii) Over Rs. 25,000 and upto Rs. 2 lakh Not exceeding 13.5 10.5 B.Refinance against term loans (Applicable to all eligible institutions) (except RRBs) Interest on term loans (excluding interest tax) (% p.a.) Interest on Refinance (% p.a.) (i) Upto and inclusive of Rs. 25,000 12.0 9.0 (ii) Over Rs. 25,000 and up to Rs. 2 lakh Not exceeding 13.5 10.5 (iii) Over Rs. 2 lakh Not exceeding 14.0* 12.0 4.3.4 Performance SIDBIs efforts have resulted in increased flow of credit to SSI sector since inception as indicated below: Year Sanction Disbursement 2000-01 2412 1819 2001-02 2847 2038 2002-03 2909 2146 2003-04 3357 2672 2004-05 4706 3390 2005-06 6266 4801 2006-07 6485 4588 2007-08 7481 5243 SIDBIs assistance to: (i) Tiny Units about 89.2% of the total no. of projects under Refinance Scheme during the period of 2006-07 were tiny, receiving an assistance upto Rs. 5 lakh . The total sanctions for such projects accounted for 39.6% as against 36% of the total amount of sanctions in previous year. (ii) Women entrepreneurs under various schemes available for financing of SSI the total assistance amounting to Rs. 19.07 crores was given to 1067 women entrepreneurs during 2006-07. (iii) Backward areas during 2006-07, the projects originating from backward areas for which the need for financing was felt, received an assistance to the level of Rs. 778 crores of the total sanction which accounted for 33% of total assistance under Refinance Scheme of SIDBI. 3.3.6 Main Schemes of SIDBI A brief summary of the Schemes available with SIDBI. More details are available under the Section Policies Schemes. National Equity Fund Scheme providing support to those entrepreneurs which are into setting up of projects in tiny sector. Technology Development Modernisation Fund Scheme this scheme aims for providing financial assistance to existing SSI units for matters relating to technology upgradation/modernisation. Single Window Scheme aims to provide both term loan as well as working capital loans to the small scale units through the same agency. Composite Loan Scheme this aims at providing loans for equipment and/or working capital and also for worksheds to artisans, village and cottage industries in Tiny Sector. Mahila Udyam Nidhi (MUN) Scheme this scheme aims to promote women as entrepreneurs by providing equity support to them for setting up projects in Tiny Sector. Scheme for financing activities: the need is even felt for the assistance in the field of marketing the products produced by the SSI and these include marketing research, RD, product upgradation, participation in trade fairs and exhibitions, advertising branding, establishing distribution networks etc. Equipment Finance Scheme this scheme is available inorder to help SSI with ease in using the hi-tech machinery and equipment for facilitating quality production. Venture Capital Scheme this is a provision made to encourage SSI ventures to acquire capital equipment,for building up of export capabilities/import substitution including cost of total quality management and acquisition of ISO-9000 certification and for expansion of capacity. Major schemes Technology Development Modernisation Fund SIDBI has set up Technology Development Modernisation Fund (TDMF) scheme for the assistance os small scale sector units so as to enable them to modernize their production techniques with the help new and improved technology so that their products can stand the foreign competition and the quality of their products can be enhanced. This would also help them to reduce their cost of production and removal of the inefficiencies in the production techniques. Assistance is available for meeting the expenses on purchase of capital equipments, acquiring of technical know-how, upgrading of process technology. The Coverage of the TDMF scheme has been enlarged w.e.f. 1.9.1997. Non-exporting units and units which are graduating out of SSI sector are now eligible to avail assistance under this scheme. National Equity Fund National Equity Fund (NEF) under Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) provides equity type assistance to SSI units, tiny units at one per cent service charges. The scope of this scheme was widened in 1998-99 to cover all areas excepting Metropolitan areas, raising the limit of loan from Rs. 1.6 lakhs to Rs. 2.6 lakhs and covering both existing as well as new units: (a) The following are eligible for assistance under the scheme:- i. New projects in tiny and small scale sectors for manufacture, preservation or processing of goods irrespective of the location (except for the units in Metropolitan areas). ii. Existing tiny and small scale industrial units and service enterprises as mentioned above (including those which have availed of NEF assistance earlier), undertaking expansion, modernisation, technology upgradation and diversification irrespective of location (except in Metropolitan areas). iii. Sick units in the tiny and small scale sectors including service enterprises as mentioned above, which are considered potentially viable, irrespective of the location of the units (except for the units in Metropolitan areas). iv. All industrial activities and service activities (except Road Transport Operators). (b) Project cost (including margin money for working capital) should not exceed Rs. 10 lakhs in the case of new projects in the case of existing units and service enterprises, the outlay on expansion/modernisation/technology upgradation or diversification or rehabilitation should not exceed Rs. 10 lakh per project. (c) There is no change in the existing level of promoters contribution at 10% of the project cost. However, the ceiling on soft loan assistance under the Scheme has been enhanced from the present level of 15% lakh per project to 25% of the project cost subject to a maximum of Rs. 2.5 lakh per project. 3.4 State Financial Corporations (SFCs) SFCs were set up mainly to finance small and medium scale units. The area of operation of SFCs is generally limited to the States. SFCs also actively participate in assisting small scale units thereby helping them to modernize and upgrade the technology by making provision for term loans and soft loans and also restructuring the sick small scale units through rehabilitation and revival schemes through equity assistance under SIDBI seed capital scheme. At present, there are 18 SFCs (including TIIC which was set up as a company) in existence for more than 40 years and operate as Regional Development Banks. The SFCs have played an important role in the evolution and growth of small and medium scale industries in their respective states. They provide financial assistance to industrial units by way of term loans, direct subscription to equity, guarantees, etc. Over the years SFCs have expanded their activities and coverage of assistance. 3.5 National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC) 3.5.1 Bill Financing Bills drawn by small scale units for the supplies made to the reputed and well established enterprises and duly accepted by them will be financed / discounted by NSIC for a maximum period of 90 days. 3.5.2 Working Capital Finance working capital financing of sound and well managed units, will be done on selective basis in case of requirements emerging, to enable them to make payments for their purchases of consumable stores and spares and production related expenses particularly electricity bills, statutory dues, etc. 3.5.3 Export Development Finance Finance for export development to export oriented units for meeting their emergent requirements. Pre and post shipment finance shall also be provided to such units at usual terms conditions. 3.5.4 Equipment Leasing Scheme The object of the Leasing Scheme is to assist SSI Units to procure industrial equipment for modernisation, expansion and diversification of their industries. ELIGIBILITY Exclusively for existing financially viable SSI units including ancillary units, duly registered as SSI units with the Directorate of Industries. BENEFITS Ø 100% financing at very liberal terms with easy repayment schedule. Ø Simple formalities and speedy sanction. Ø Single window system for imported equipment. The Corporation undertakes to complete formalities like procuring import licence, opening of Letter of Credit etc. Ø Tax rebate on full 5 year lease rental. VI. Review of some of the articles studied under the purview of the study 1) ISSUES IN SSI FINANCING SOURCE: The Hindu Newspaper editorial dated 5 Dec 2006 ANALYSIS: the article argues that the provisions of the credit policy relating to the advances to the NBFC for on lending to SSI would be treated as priority sector. but financing of small units, especially those in manufacturing, is hardly an attractive proposition for NBFCs. Over the past few years, the concept of priority sector lending, implying a preferential access to bank funds that small entrepreneurs and other less privileged categories enjoyed , has been diluted by including in this category bank lending for individual housing, lending to State Finance Corporations (SFCs) and advances to NBFCs for financing small transport operators. This has helped banks fulfill their priority sector obligation without having to oblige the thousands of needy individual entrepreneurs. Some of the deemed priority sector advances are in any case made by NBFCs or SFCs from public deposits and other resources that they command and deemed credit is thus unlikely to result in substantial additional financing of SSIs. 2) SIDBI PLANS Rs 250 CRORE MICRO FINANCING (SOURCE: Business Line newspaper dated 7 th sep 2004) ANALYSIS: as per the articles besides direct lending SIDBI is into provision of refinancing to the SFC for lending to SSI. It has been into lending to SSI or large corporate who buy goods from SSI including: BHEL, Escorts, Bajaj electrical etc the SME Fund has been operational since April 1. SIDBI aims to disburse Rs 10,000 crore in the next two years, which would include refinance. During the last four months, they have already disbursed Rs 605 crore mainly to SSI sector. 3) SSI SHARE IN BANK CREDIT FALLING (SOURCE: Business Line dated 25 aug, 2007) ANALYSIS: according to this article the credit flow towards the small scale units have declined in the past few decades. This fact can be supported by the figure that the level of financing was 16.2% in 1991 and till 2006 it declined to 8.5%. Total financing of the priority sector has declined accounting for the total disbursements by the scheduled commercial banks was 14,45,847 crore. Out of this only 6.24% was made available to the SSI. VII. Financing Norms: FOR LENDERS 1. The all India financial institutions stipulate a promoters contribution norm of 20% of the total project cost for industrial estates set up in notified less developed area and a 22.5% norm in other cases. In the case of estates costing less than Rs. 300 lakhs, the following margin money have been stipulated by IDBI to make them eligible for financing: * 15% margin for estates set up by technician entrepreneurs or unemployed engineers where the sheds are to be acquired by them on hire basis. * 20 to 30% margin for co-operative estates where the sheds are entirely by small scale units. * 30 to 35% margin for estates set up by joint stock companies whose shareholders occupies majority of the sheds. * 40 to 50% margin for estates set up by proprietary and partnership concerns. I. SFC/ SIDC should maintain separate and distinct accounts of fresh disbursements made to SSI units and outstanding amounts there against. II. Periodical statements to be obtained from SFC/ SIDC to monitor the position. III. Annually, a certificate issued by SFC/ SIDC statutory auditors certifying that the outstanding borrowings from banks were fully covered by the non-overdue loans outstanding in respect of fresh disbursements made to SSI units from out of term finance/ lines of credit granted by banks. IV. The rate of interest to be charged by banks on such term finance/ loans/ lines of credit will be in conformity with the directives on interest rates issued by the Reserve Bank from time to time. * In order to ensure adequate credit to this sector, the credit requirements of village industries and other SSI units having aggregate fund-based working capital limits upto Rs. 5 crores from the banking system, will be computed on the basis of a minimum of 20 percent of their projected annual turnover for new as well as existing units. VII. Analysis of growth of SSIs During Budget 2008-2009 1. The proposal that has been cornering much interest of industry players is minimum alternate tax (MAT), which has now been levied on technology companies. Though all technology firms have been brought under the ambit of MAT, the impact will not be much for big IT firms. 2. The Budget doesnt allow pass-through status to VC start-ups in sunrise sectors of BPO, media, advertising, financial services and mobile value added services. 3. Another budgetary reform that could also prove to be a thorn in the path for the SMEs is the 12.5% service tax on leased premises. President of Nasscom, Kiran Karnik, calls the increase as â€Å"unjust†. â€Å"It is usually the small guy who leases property. The big companies own their land,† 4. FM has proposed to exempt from service tax all services provided by technology business incubators. In turn, their incubatees whose annual turnover does not exceed Rs 50 lakh will be exempt from service tax for the first three years. How it affects SSIs 1. It was presented against a backdrop of high expectations with the economy having moved into the high growth trajectory of 8.5 per cent, supported by a strong growth in services and industry sector. 2. Yet many observers believe that big-ticket reform in Budget 2007-08 have not been taken on the way they should have and tax changes have left most quarters wanting, as substantial giveaways had been anticipated. 3. Small players felt serious impact on their net profits as now they would also have to shell out 11.33 percent MAT in addition to the 12 percent tax which they already pay. Also the small-sized BPO players suffered due to this levy. 4. The IT industry is happy with the proposal to grant pass-through status to VCFs investing in biotechnology and IT companies. But removal of this pass-through status for other areas such as mobile VAS and BPO had a negative impact. Targets under priority sector lending There are no targets set by domestic banks (both public sector and private sector banks) and foreign banks for lending to SSIs. as given in data below The targets and sub-targets set under priority sector lending for domestic and foreign banks operating in India are furnished below: Domestic banks (both public sector and private sector banks) Foreign banks operating in India Total Priority Sector advances 40 percent of NBC 32 percent of NBC Total agricultural advances 18 percent of NBC No target SSI advances No target 10 percent of NBC Export credit Export credit does not form part of priority sector

No Time For Im Sorrys :: Journalistic Papers Journalism Essays

No Time For I'm Sorrys As the leaves turn to brilliant colors of orange and yellow and begin their descent to the Earth, the area around the football stadium is filled with the resonate sound of horns and drums. Every afternoon and Saturday, the Goshen High School marching band gathers to fine tune its skills for upcoming games and competitions. To those of us outside of the band culture, the grueling labor and long hours seem excessive, but, to many of the band members, nothing exists that is of higher importance. "It's a lot of dedication, which is hard, but I think everyone needs to have something that they're dedicated to, something they enjoy doing, and [marching band is] the thing I like doing," states Jordan Kauffman, probably the most dedicated member of the band. "For me, I just love music.†¦it's just something that I love. People who like doing math, do math. I like doing music." Jordan has participated in marching band all four years of his high school career. Starting in the beginning of his second year of high school, he began to take leadership positions in the band. As a sophomore, he applied for and was nominated as the section leader of his instrument, the saxophone. His junior year, the talented young man was elected by his peers to serve as an assistant drum major. In marching band, there is no more important role than that of a drum major. The drum majors act as student assistants to the directors, directing and often running many of the rehearsals. This year, however, Jordan sacrificed his drum major position to march on the field to fill a gap in the French horn section. Jordan's sacrifice for the group has placed him at the level of a demi-god in the eyes of the other band members. Jordan is lanky and lean, with short black hair and a ready smile. Confidence and humility seem to radiate from him, immediately placing those around him at ease. He has a constant optimism that creates an aura of naivetà ©. His eyes twinkle with excitement every time he talks about music or marching. It's easy to see why the other band members appointed him in so many positions of leadership. His only complaint about band is the few members who don't take it seriously or who don't keep a positive attitude. Jordan works hard and expects others to do the same. No Time For I'm Sorrys :: Journalistic Papers Journalism Essays No Time For I'm Sorrys As the leaves turn to brilliant colors of orange and yellow and begin their descent to the Earth, the area around the football stadium is filled with the resonate sound of horns and drums. Every afternoon and Saturday, the Goshen High School marching band gathers to fine tune its skills for upcoming games and competitions. To those of us outside of the band culture, the grueling labor and long hours seem excessive, but, to many of the band members, nothing exists that is of higher importance. "It's a lot of dedication, which is hard, but I think everyone needs to have something that they're dedicated to, something they enjoy doing, and [marching band is] the thing I like doing," states Jordan Kauffman, probably the most dedicated member of the band. "For me, I just love music.†¦it's just something that I love. People who like doing math, do math. I like doing music." Jordan has participated in marching band all four years of his high school career. Starting in the beginning of his second year of high school, he began to take leadership positions in the band. As a sophomore, he applied for and was nominated as the section leader of his instrument, the saxophone. His junior year, the talented young man was elected by his peers to serve as an assistant drum major. In marching band, there is no more important role than that of a drum major. The drum majors act as student assistants to the directors, directing and often running many of the rehearsals. This year, however, Jordan sacrificed his drum major position to march on the field to fill a gap in the French horn section. Jordan's sacrifice for the group has placed him at the level of a demi-god in the eyes of the other band members. Jordan is lanky and lean, with short black hair and a ready smile. Confidence and humility seem to radiate from him, immediately placing those around him at ease. He has a constant optimism that creates an aura of naivetà ©. His eyes twinkle with excitement every time he talks about music or marching. It's easy to see why the other band members appointed him in so many positions of leadership. His only complaint about band is the few members who don't take it seriously or who don't keep a positive attitude. Jordan works hard and expects others to do the same.

Genetically Engineered Organisms Essay -- seeds, monsanto, food

Genetically Engineered Organisms Without vigorous experimentation or public consent genetically modified foods have been introduced into our daily kitchens without much notice from the general public. Widespread use of genetically modified (GM) seeds began in 1996 and since then has spread to cover 167 million acres around the world; two-thirds of that quantity being in America (Figure 1). Figure 1 Monsanto is the main developer of these seeds and controls over 90% of the American market, alerting a possible crisis in the democratic system. (Cummins and lilliston, 2004). Alarmingly, some of the largest biotechnological companies have also introduced toxic pesticides into our environments, including but not limiting to: Agent Orange, DDT, and PCB’s, causing much worry worldwide. This report will cover the basics of genetic engineering, genetically engineered seeds, possible effects on human health and affects on the environment. The four most common genetically engineered (GE) crops grown on a commercial scale are soybeans, corn, cotton and canola. Among these, two main traits have been added: herbicide resistance (75 percent of all GE crops), pesticide resistance (17 percent) or both (8 percent), (Genetically Engineered Food, Page xiv). The first steps in genetically modifying organisms is identifying the trait you want the plant to have, and finding another organism that has it. Then, the gene can be inserted into the plant using a 22-caliber charge that fires a metal particle coated with DNA, called a â€Å"gene gun†. Another method of inserting the desired gene includes heating the seed and placing it under stress causing it to be susceptible to a bug called Agrobacterium tumefaciens. This bacterium tricks the organism into b... ...wever possibly inaccurate, allow us to speculate on new technologies which could help feed the growing population of humans on earth. Works Cited Wolfenbarger, Laressa L., and Paul R. Phifer. "The ecological risks and benefits of genetically engineered plants." Science 290.5499 (2000): 2088-2093. Jesse, Laura C. Hansen, and John J. Obrycki. "Field deposition of Bt transgenic corn pollen: lethal effects on the monarch butterfly." Oecologia 125.2 (2000): 241-248. Anal Bioanal Chem. Oct 2008; 392(3): 333–340. Seralini GE, Cellier D, Spiroux de Vendomois J. New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicity. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2007;52:596–602. The Ecological Risks and Benefits of Genetically Engineered Plants L. L. Wolfenbarger, et al. Science 290, 2088 (2000); DOI: 10.1126/science.290.5499.2088

Louis de Bernières Novel Captain Corellis Mandolin Essays -- Bernier

Louis de Bernià ¨res' Novel Captain Corelli's Mandolin Already from the first chapter the author introduces us to one of the most important characters of the book, Dr. Iannis. There are several factors that help the writer to present him to the readers. The most important ones are language (including the narrative style) and classical allusions. The diction in this chapter is very difficult and contains a lot of medical terminology. This shows us that Dr. Iannis is a very educated man and that probably most of the people on the island respect him due to this superiority. From the phrases that he uses we find out that he likes to impress people, especially if they are his patients. For example in the first chapter instead of telling his patient that the cause of his earache is a pea, he describes it as â€Å"an exorbitant auditory impediment†-this helps the doctor to create some mystery around his work and knowledge and therefore makes him a more interesting person in the eyes of Stamatis and his wife. Dr. Iannis is â€Å"conscious of the necessity for maintaining a certain mystique, and fully aware that â€Å"a pea in the ear† was unlikely to get him any kudos†, from such thoughts we realize that the doctor knows very well the mentality of humans and therefore knows what they expect him to say. The other factor that plays an important role in introducing this character is the narrative style. The language that Dr. Iannis uses is very formal and detached. He is not trying to get closer to his patients, because he realizes that there is a difference between them, especially due to the education level. At the same time the style of language that Stamatis and his wife use is very different from the doctor’s. For exam... ...or less cold and detached, however when he comes back home we are also shown a different side of him. He is shown as a loving father, who, even if he is not happy with the actions of his daughter, still cannot be irritated by her for too long. â€Å"†¦the goat is fond of you.†- Dr. Iannis turned away, disarmed and defeated.† – he loves his daughter, and he knows that she is fond of him as well. As we can see the author uses a lot of different factors, which allow him to present the character to us the best way possible. He shines the light on every side of Dr. Iannis, helping us to make up our mind about his personality. By the end we are aware that he is not only specialized in medicine, but also in writing and in history of his island. His activities and his personality attract the readers as they learn more about his character, which makes them fond of him. Louis de Bernià ¨res' Novel Captain Corelli's Mandolin Essays -- Bernier Louis de Bernià ¨res' Novel Captain Corelli's Mandolin Already from the first chapter the author introduces us to one of the most important characters of the book, Dr. Iannis. There are several factors that help the writer to present him to the readers. The most important ones are language (including the narrative style) and classical allusions. The diction in this chapter is very difficult and contains a lot of medical terminology. This shows us that Dr. Iannis is a very educated man and that probably most of the people on the island respect him due to this superiority. From the phrases that he uses we find out that he likes to impress people, especially if they are his patients. For example in the first chapter instead of telling his patient that the cause of his earache is a pea, he describes it as â€Å"an exorbitant auditory impediment†-this helps the doctor to create some mystery around his work and knowledge and therefore makes him a more interesting person in the eyes of Stamatis and his wife. Dr. Iannis is â€Å"conscious of the necessity for maintaining a certain mystique, and fully aware that â€Å"a pea in the ear† was unlikely to get him any kudos†, from such thoughts we realize that the doctor knows very well the mentality of humans and therefore knows what they expect him to say. The other factor that plays an important role in introducing this character is the narrative style. The language that Dr. Iannis uses is very formal and detached. He is not trying to get closer to his patients, because he realizes that there is a difference between them, especially due to the education level. At the same time the style of language that Stamatis and his wife use is very different from the doctor’s. For exam... ...or less cold and detached, however when he comes back home we are also shown a different side of him. He is shown as a loving father, who, even if he is not happy with the actions of his daughter, still cannot be irritated by her for too long. â€Å"†¦the goat is fond of you.†- Dr. Iannis turned away, disarmed and defeated.† – he loves his daughter, and he knows that she is fond of him as well. As we can see the author uses a lot of different factors, which allow him to present the character to us the best way possible. He shines the light on every side of Dr. Iannis, helping us to make up our mind about his personality. By the end we are aware that he is not only specialized in medicine, but also in writing and in history of his island. His activities and his personality attract the readers as they learn more about his character, which makes them fond of him.

A Case Study of the Glass Bangle Industry

The glass manufacturing industry in Ferozabad, Uttar Pradesh, produces bangles, utensils, bulbs, decorative articles etc. The glass industry has been classified as hazardous and the employment of child labour (children below age 14 years) in it is prohibited. However, available research and literature indicated that child labour was concentrated mainly in the production of glass bangles. At the time of the present study over 50,000 children were generally believed to be engaged in the hazardous glass bangle industry of Ferozabad.The process of manufacture of glass bangles is broken down into six separate stages and each stage is done by a separate specialized enterprise. At the first stage, the spring bangles are produced at a glass factory and it involves work at the furnace and handling, coloring, and shaping the molten glass into a spring form or rings. The subsequent processes like straightening, linking up the edges of the glass spirals, joining the edges, hardening them, cuttin g designs into them and coloring the bangles are done in separate stages by small informal sector enterprises using different tools like kerosene lamps, abrasive wheel, mud oven, and chemical colors for each of the processes.Unlike glass factories, these small informal sector enterprises are not registered and difficult to observe as they are often located inside households and in small alleys. Moreover, the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act of 1986 does not cover the informal sector.OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGYThe study aimed to document the extent of child labour, types of activities in which children are engaged, employment conditions , and the cost implications of eliminating child labour. Data collection involved an enterprise survey. As the production process for glass bangles involves a number of different and distinct stages, enterprises were chosen from individual stages of production to ensure a representative selection. In all 268 enterprises with 4100 workers a nd approximately 1000 child labourers were covered.Anticipating that the information furnished by the employers on child labour and the number of children employed may be misleading or grossly understated, field investigators were trained to distinguish children from adults through observation. As this was still difficult to do for children in the 12-16 age group, investigators were allowed to record their observation in either of the three categories ‘definitely adult’, ‘definitely child’, or ‘probably child’. The category of ‘probably child’ was used when an investigator could not decide if a worker was a child.KEY FINDINGSThe total number of child labourers employed in the glass bangle industry was estimated on the basis of the number of children employed in different stages of production. Of the approximately 60,000 workers in the glass bangle industry, 9,40011,000 are children constituting about 16 to 19 percent of the workfor ce in this industry. Employment of children was confined  mostly to unskilled jobs like carrying and sorting in the glass factories. Within the stages of production where several different activities are performed, children do the least skilled of these activities (see table). In other words, children do not have unique or irreplaceable skills and are therefore not necessary for the glass bangles industry.The daily productivity per worker is between 12 to 32 tora (312 or 13 double dozen) bangles per day for different production stages. Children are commonly said by employers to work slower and take longer hours to achieve the same output as their adult counterparts. Each enterprise is paid on a piece rate basis. The wage payment system has a very strict control of the output.Teams of workers must achieve a prescribed minimum level of output in order to be given the agreed daily payment, and it often takes more than eight hours to achieve this minimum acceptable output. Since child ren are said to work slower than adults, they generally need to work longer hours than Working conditions & Health hazards adults in order to achieve the same output and therefore As ‘carriers’: the same daily income. carrying molten glass from the furnace to the Working spaces are small and cramped. Burns and respiratory problems are common occupational health hazards (see box). Several young males and adults were observed without the thumb or forefinger. Tuberculosis is a very common health problem in Ferozabad.Payments to child labourers are estimated to account for only about 15 percent of the total labour cost and so about 4 to 7 percent of the cost of producing a glass bangle. shaper or loom maker, constant exposure to the heat, sound and pollution. Straightening: work in closed rooms, no cross ventilation and are continuously exposed to smoke emitted from dozens of kerosene lamps. Joining and cutting: long hours of sitting in one posture, risk of cramps; continuo us exposure to smoke from the  kerosene lamps.Colouring: high toxic effect of chemical-based colours, handled with bare hands; colours stick to the fingers and palms and are difficult to remove. The increase in the cost of production of one dozen bangles (as most consumers buy bangles by the Hardening: dozen) as a result of elimination of child labour was working around a small furnace and hot trays; calculated in three different ways based on three burns are common. different assumptions.If a sufficient  number of adult workers from the large labour reserve in India are available and willing to work at the present, market determined wage rate , there would be no cost effect, as adults would replace children at the same piece rate payment. Assumptions 2 and 3 presuppose that adult workers would need to be paid a higher wage (10 and 20 percent, respectively) in order to attract the additional adult workers required to replace the child workers. In that case, production costs go u p by only about 2-3 paise a dozen for plain bangles and 6-12 paise for coloured and detailed cut bangles.In percentage terms, this would mean only a 0, 2 and 4 percent increase in the cost of glass bangles in all three scenarios. Even at the retail level (which we assume has a 200 percent mark-up compared to wholesale), the cost of a dozen glass bangles would go up by only 10-20 paise for plain bangles and 12-27 paise for coloured and detailed cut bangles. There is no economic  justification to employ child labour in the glass bangle industry, as children do not occupy a necessary role in the glass bangle production, nor do they have the skills that could not replaced by adults, and elimination of child labour would increase the cost of production only marginally.RECOMMENDATIONSImprove production technology and work environment of the glass bangle industry. In the shortrun, the health of those children who continue to work would improve. In the long run, the demand for child labou r should decrease as the increased capital investments made would create a need for more skilled and responsible adult workers. The number of adult labourers interested in doing this work should increase along with improvement in working conditions and increased wages resulting from the need for greater skills and responsibility. Thus it will have a favourable impact on the goal of eliminating child labour.