Employee Privacy During Employment

Worker Privacy During Employment On the planet, which flourishes with the web and other electronic media to coordinate with the activity and non-work related correspondence, the representative security has gotten a concerned subject. Be that as it may, in the truth, the representative doesnt have a lot of protection. This archive will show data on worker security during business. We examine record verifications, electronic observation, the web and email protection and the sky is the limit from there. Representative protection laws for both U.S. furthermore, European association are diverse in various ways. In this record, we will think about the laws by investigating the different pertinent worker protection laws both the countries execute for the corporate division. The two parts of representative and business relationship are observing worker and leading individual verifications. US European Union The decreased desire for protection at the workplace. At the work, condition representatives are qualified for anticipate protection. Observing of workers is alright if the business is giving a full notification about the checking exercises and its motivation. Neglecting to notice will expose the business to obligation Just on occurrences of significant business need and explicit examples representative can be observed by the business. It is a lot stricter than the US security laws. The protection laws being used a fix work of the U.S. government and state security laws which direct the assortment of information on specific examples of delicate data insurance of wellbeing or money related data, uncommon assurance for gatherings, for example, youngsters, address the specific maltreatment of evident market disappointment. The assortment and utilization of individual information over all areas is controlled with omnibus information security laws. Table 1 United States versus European Union security law contrasts 2.1. US The essential government law driving the record verifications in US is the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA). FCRA is pertinent to the two California and Illinois, the state laws can give more rights to representatives yet they won't have the option to remove the essentials of FCRA. The FCRAs objective is to ensure and give exact the data with respect to the record as a consumer, limit, notoriety and value of the worker/shopper. FCRA is just material for the businesses or firms and not for people who need to play out a personal investigation on themselves or check their credit notoriety. Just specific organizations and businesses are qualified for mentioning FCRA for the record verification. The business who is mentioning the individual verification must have be followed sure other Federal and state laws. The businesses who demand for historical verification report for work reason, per the FCRA the business or the organizations must give the worker/candidate an unmistakable and recognizable printed notice about the change and get a printed assent from the business who is mentioning the report. The archived printed ought to be a different record and not part of another report. Organization who give the foundation administration to business, the business must be confirmed that the business: Ought to have representatives assent in printed position More likely than not gave notice to the representative. The reports data shouldnt be utilized in infringement for equivalent work opportunity guideline. Boss must be conformed to FCRA necessities, before executing any activity with the report In California, the FCRA has an or more, where it permits the candidates who have experienced individual verification see there report and know whether any data is any mistaken. What's more, it likewise permits the business to play out the checks. As FCRA in entire just permits the organization outsider to play out the checks. In California, this procedure is called Investigative Consumer Report (ICR). A business can just demand reports for specific positions and per the classes the candidate must be educated. 2.2. European Union In the European association when the business needs to run a record verification on the candidates or the workers in the firm, to evaluate and confirm the subtleties, the business must go along to the nearby part state laws at the organizations area and the Data Protection Acts (DP Acts) for EU. Each part state has explicit laws which influence the individual verification, explicitly for criminal records. Each part states historical verification will have an alternate report. Nearby state Labor and Employment laws likewise have commitments on the checks. 2.2.1. France In France for individual verifications the business must get earlier authorizations from the DP Acts in France it is called CINL, this is to gather data for historical verification. The business just permitted to get individual data just which is straightforwardly applicable to the foundation checking. The law in France disallows keeps an eye using a credit card exchanges, regardless of whether the candidate is eager to give. Just for specific classifications of occupation position it very well may be recovered and should be with assent and data which can be recovered is restricted. The candidates apply for testament of good remaining to get conviction, court record or lawful decisions and procedures. The business must educate the candidate with the data about: Information move to United States Individuals who will get the data Motivation behind the information assortment Capacity to address information after its assortment Compulsory inquiries CINL indicates that all the data about the candidate can be seen and altered after accommodation of the application for checking. 2.2.2. Germany In Germany Bundesdatenschutzgesetz (BDSG) is the DP Acts that directs the nearby law where the candidates individual data can't be gathered and handled without the authorization from the candidate, assent is an unquestionable requirement and legally. Just constrained data can be recovered from the candidate and any infringement will prompt fine as much as 300,000 pounds. The candidates work improvement experience and criminal history can be gathered and prepared. Just during the enrollment procedure, whenever bombed a composed assent will be required from the candidate. Credit value can't be checked under German DP Acts. 2.2.3. Joined Kingdom In UK, the data magistrates Office (ICO) manages the DP Acts. Is extremely broad individual verifications, they can gather data about the candidate for explicit employment. The thing that matters is the ICO states that the information gathered must be obliterated in a secureâ â way inside a half year. 3.1. US Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) precludes checking and tapping from claiming electronic, email, oral and wire correspondences. Just email accounts given by the business can be observed. Put away Communications Act (SCA) is about the put away messages and its entrance. It is unlawful to get to the substance or electronic correspondence without approval or purposefully. It likewise an infringement to forestall modify the information in the capacity. The SCA states that the businesses being the specialist organizations of the email correspondence administration which is committed for the firm can be utilized to screen the representatives email correspondence and recover the email, this has been endorsed by the US Court. The businesses are additionally maintain whatever authority is needed to screen the web utilization of the representatives in the firm. Bosses as of now notice the strategies which will be suggested and is mentioned by the workers to experience them know about them being checked. 3.2. European Union The European associations DP orders and media transmission mandate are viewed as likewise European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and article 29 working gathering sentiment, every one of these laws are inferred on the checking of representatives. Checking of the workers by the business isn't energized until except if there are explicit business needs. In the event that the business chooses to screen a representative, at that point the Working Party requests that the business follow certain rules and be gone along, in light of keeping the representatives right to protection: Straightforwardness Need Absolution Authenticity Proportionality Precision and information maintenance Security 3.2.1. Straightforwardness Checking is denied and is restricted in barely any conditions, All the strategies must be open by the workers which determine about observing. The businesses ought to unmistakably make reference to the actives which will be checked. The business ought to previously illuminate the workers about the observing exercises. On the off chance that any abuse is alarmed, the representative must be educated about it at the most punctual 3.2.2. Need Observing ought to be performed just if important for excellent cases. The information identified with monitoringâ â mustâ â be demolished safely and not held more than the predefined period. Security sway evaluation must be performed before the observing beginnings. 3.2.3. Conclusiveness The information which is gathered for checking, must be devoted to the observing errands just and ought not be abused by utilizing the information for different procedure and capacities. All checking information is explicit to the procedure requiring the observing. 3.2.4. Proportionality Checking of the representative information must be in scope and shrouded observing actives must be voided by the business. In the event that the business executes less nosy observing of worker it is better.â Any significant warning must be educated to the concerned part. Having a sound and video observing at a spot which is relied upon to guarantee security must be kept away from. 3.2.5. Precision and Data Retention The information must be put away just for 3 months and not more. The information gathered must be for the referenced observing objectives.â The information gathered must be held and refreshed for the time of errand which required the checking. 3.2.6. Security The business must have set up assurance for the individual information logged from checking and ensure the information isn't being modified or penetrated. 3.3. France Worker must be educated before observing is started. The business must characterize the approaches appropriately with the notice of discipl

A Technical Report Into Cell Phone Jammers

A Technical Report Into Cell Phone Jammers PDA jammer is gadget used to keep PDAs from accepting sign from base station. They can be utilized anyplace however generally utilized where call would be problematic. PDAs are exceptionally valuable since we can contact anybody at whenever however now and again it become aggravation. Some wireless clients dont realize when to quit talking. Jammers are utilized at homerooms, sanctuaries, places of worship where quietness is required. It makes a brief no man's land to all mobile phone traffic in their air framework. How Cell Phone Jammer functions Disturbing a mobile phone is equivalent to sticking some other sort of radio correspondence. A mobile phone works by speaking with its administration organize through a cell tower or base station. Cell towers partition a city into little zones. As a mobile phone client drives down the road, the sign is given from tower to tower. Sticking gadget transmits on indistinguishable radio frequencies from the PDA, disturbing the correspondence between the telephone and the wireless base station in the pinnacle. Its a called a refusal of-administration assault. The jammer precludes administration from claiming the radio range to the mobile phone clients inside scope of the sticking gadget. Mobile phone Jamming Device Sticking gadgets overwhelm the mobile phone by transmitting a sign on a similar recurrence and at a sufficiently high force that the two signs impact and offset one another. PDAs are intended to include power in the event that they experience low-level obstruction, so the jammer must perceive and match the force increment from the telephone. PDAs are full-duplex gadgets, which mean they utilize two separate frequencies, one for talking and one for listening all the while. A few jammers square just one of the frequencies utilized by mobile phones, which has the impact of blocking both. The telephone is fooled into deduction there is no administration since it can get just one of the frequencies. Less intricate gadgets square just one gathering of frequencies, while advanced jammers can obstruct a few sorts of systems without a moment's delay to take off double mode or tri-mode telephones that consequently switch among various system types to locate an open sign. A portion of the very good quality gadgets hinder all frequencies immediately, and others can be tuned to explicit frequencies. To stick a PDA, you need a gadget that communicates on the right frequencies. Albeit diverse cell frameworks process flags in an unexpected way, all PDA systems utilize radio signals that can be intruded. GSM, utilized in advanced cell and PCS-based frameworks, works in the 900-MHz and 1800-MHz groups in Europe and Asia and in the 1900-MHz band in the United States. Jammers can communicate on any recurrence and are viable against AMPS, CDMA, TDMA, GSM, PCS, DCS, iDEN and Nextel frameworks. Antiquated simple phones and todays computerized gadgets are similarly vulnerable to sticking. The scope of the jammer relies upon its capacity and the neighborhood condition, which may incorporate slopes or dividers of a structure that obstruct the sticking sign. Low-controlled jammers square brings in a scope of around 30 feet (9 m). More powerful units make a sans cell zone as extensive as a football field. Units utilized by law requirement can close down help up to 1 mile (1.6 km) from the gadget. Inside Cell telephone Jammers Wireless jammers are fundamental gadgets. It simply has an on/off switch and a light that shows its on. Progressively mind boggling gadgets have changes to initiate sticking at various frequencies. Segments of a jammer: Recieving wire Each sticking gadget has a recieving wire to impart the sign. Some are contained inside an electrical bureau. On more grounded gadgets, recieving wires are outside to give longer range and might be tuned for singular frequencies. Hardware: The principle electronic segments of a jammer are: Voltage-controlled oscillator Generates the radio sign that will meddle with the PDA signal Tuning circuit Controls the recurrence at which the jammer communicates its sign by sending a specific voltage to the oscillator Clamor generator Produces arbitrary electronic yield in a predetermined recurrence range to stick the wireless system signal (some portion of the tuning circuit) RF enhancement (gain stage) Boosts the intensity of the radio recurrence yield to sufficiently high levels to stick a sign Force gracefully Littler sticking gadgets are battery worked. Some seem as though wireless and use mobile phone batteries. More grounded gadgets can be connected to a standard outlet or wired into a vehicles electrical framework. Wireless Jammer Applications Wireless sticking gadgets were initially produced for law authorization and the military to intrude on interchanges by lawbreakers and fear based oppressors. The bombs that exploded passenger prepares in Spain in March 2004, just as impacts in Bali in October 2002 and Jakarta in August 2003, all depended on PDAs to trigger explosives. It has been generally announced that a PDA jammer frustrated a death endeavor on Pakistani President Musharraf in December 2003. At the point when President Bush visited London in November 2004, it was accounted for that British police considered utilizing jammers to ensure the presidents motorcade through London. During a prisoner circumstance, police can control when and where a captor can make a call. Police can square calls during a medication strike so presumes cant convey outside the territory. Mobile phone jammers can be utilized in regions where radio transmissions are perilous, (regions with a conceivably unstable environment, for example, compound storerooms or grain lifts. Enterprises use jammers to stop corporate secret activities by blocking voice transmissions and photograph transmissions from camera telephones. There are bits of gossip that lodging networks introduce jammers to square visitors wireless utilization and power them to use in-room telephones at high rates. PDA Jamming Legal Issues In the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and numerous different nations, blocking PDA administrations is illegal. In the United States, mobile phone sticking is secured under the Communications Act of 1934, which restricts individuals from persistently or perniciously meddling with the radio correspondences of any station authorized or approved to work. Truth be told, the production, importation, deal or offer available to be purchased, including promoting, of gadgets intended to square or jam remote transmissions is denied too. Sticking is viewed as property robbery, in light of the fact that a privately owned business has bought the rights to the radio range, and sticking the range is much the same as taking the property the organization has bought. The Federal Communications Commission is accused of upholding sticking laws. Be that as it may, the office has not yet arraigned anybody for PDA sticking. In many nations, it is illicit for private residents to stick mobile phone transmission, yet a few nations are permitting organizations and government associations to introduce jammers in regions where PDA use is viewed as an open annoyance. Armenia: lawful [citation needed] Australia: illicit to work, gracefully or have Belgium: illicit to sell, have and work (authorized piece of the range). Canada: unlawful, aside from by government law-authorization offices who have gotten endorsement People groups Republic of China: Used by the Education government division as a technique for frustrating cheating in schools. During significant finish of year tests, cell phone jammers are utilized in territories encompassing secondary schools to forestall understudies inside from getting calls or instant messages, which might be utilized for unlawful purposes. In certain districts be that as it may, instead of the utilization of jammers, portable sign towers near schools are incidentally closed down for the term of the week as tests are in progress. Czech Republic: illicit. Denmark: illicit. Finland: illicit. France: France legitimized mobile phone jammers in (cinemas) and different spots with exhibitions in 2004.Abandoned because of objections in regards to crisis calls. Still legitimately utilized inside correctional facilities. Germany: unlawful, yet establishment in correctional facilities has been proposed. India: Government, Religious Places, Prisons and Educational Institution use jammers. Iran: unlawful to work for regular citizens however took into account police powers and military. It is anyway lawful to claim such units, which can be purchased in electronic markets without a permit. In many correctional facilities, libraries and college homerooms such jammers are now being used. In the 2009-2010 Iranian political decision fights, police powers utilized wireless and Bluetooth jammers. Ireland: unlawful to work. Legitimately utilized inside detainment facilities by the Irish Prison Service. Italy: in fact not illicit to claim, however unlawful to work, since the Italian law explicitly denies upsetting radio and calling interchanges. GSM jammers are anyway lawful to be utilized in places like clinics, holy places, cinemas and different spots with exhibitions, and different structures where and when the utilization of cell phones may bring about a break of delicate data: on such events, jammers are legitimate as long as their activity doesnt meddle with electronic clinical hardware and permits cell phones to make crisis calls. Tri-Band Jammers are saved to, and being used with, the police powers and are being tested in jails. Japan: Illegal to utilize, yet lawful to possess. Purchasing of portable short range forms is permitted. Utilization of fixed high yield jammers with long range is unlawful, with fines of up to max $250,000USD as well as 5 years in jail. Mexico: lawful inside prisons, frequently utilized likewise in temples and emergency clinics. New Zealand: lawful inside prisons. Norway: illicit to possess and work. The police and the military can utilize jammers in circumstances in which it is essential. Pakistan: lawful inside banks, regularly utilized additionally in libraries. Switzerland: illicit. Turkey: illicit. Just the police and the military use jammers. Ukraine: lawful, intended to be utilized in schools Joined Kingdom: unlawful to utilize, yet legitimate to possess. Establishment in correctional facilities has been proposed US: C

A recent report highlights a large rise in gambling in the UK.Discuss Essay

An ongoing report features an enormous ascent in betting in the UK.Discuss why this has happened, regardless of whether it is a reason for concern,and, provided that this is true, what should be possible stomach muscle - Essay Example dynamic and constant issue that includes a persistent inability to oppose driving forces to bet and where this maladaptive conduct disturbs, or harms individual, family, or professional pursuits’’ (American Psychiatric Association, 1994, p. 615). Issue Gambling is â€Å"persistent and repetitive maladaptive betting conduct that upsets individual, family or professional pursuits.† (American Psychiatric Association) â€Å"It evades the clinical and pejorative ramifications of pathological’’ (Walker and Dickerson, 1996) and the term Problem Gambler’ is utilized to characterize somebody â€Å"whose betting is at a prior stage and to a lesser degree than required by the demonstrative criteria† (Rosenthal, 1989). The third term Compulsive Gambling is all the more frequently utilized by â€Å"laypersons, for example, Gamblers Anonymous (GA) members†. (Clinical Psychology Review 22 - 2002) As this conversation depends on brain research , the primary spotlight would stay on the â€Å"pathological gambling† so as to portray the betting practices. Various types of betting are secured by the term PG including club betting, pari-mutuels, horse races, lotteries and gaming machines. The obsessive betting has a few â€Å"negative effects on the gamblers’ physical and psychological well-being and execution in professional situations† (Productivity Commission, 1999). The neurotic speculators regularly face monetary hardships, Interpersonal issues and psychosocial issues in their youngsters. It is additionally connected with noteworthy issues, including â€Å"suicidal ideation and endeavors, conjugal clashes, business issues, liquor and substance misuse, mental co bleakness and diminished wellbeing function†. (Benjamin J. Morasco, Jeremiah Weinstock 2007) During most recent couple of decades, there has been an ascent in betting everywhere throughout the world and in United Kingdom likewise individuals are getting dependent of it. In spite of the fact that there are no particular reasons that persuade individuals to begin betting however there are a few factors that

Is Torture Ever Ok free essay sample

A ton of times in these situations there are no different choices and tormenting somebody is the best way to get quick outcomes before it is past the point of no return. I am an utilitarian mastermind and I put stock in the best useful for the a great many people. On the off chance that a great deal of people groups lives are in question in a circumstance and can be spared in view of one hoodlums torment at that point tormenting is the best approach. I accept that torment can be ethically advocated in numerous outrageous conditions and by managing torment by law then it could profit our general public. My first contention will show how torment can be utilized to help stop a burglar who has numerous prisoners. Assume, the specialists captured one of the backstabbers of the burglar and they werent getting anything out of him. The burglar told the specialists that in the event that they didnt get him a plane out of the nation, at that point he would begin executing prisoners. We will compose a custom exposition test on Is Torture Ever Ok? or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The specialists dont know where the burglar is or the prisoners. The burglar says they just have fifteen minutes to mastermind him a plane before he begins killing the prisoners. The specialists could torment the backstabbers and get the data they have to spare the prisoners and capture the burglar or they could allow the prisoners to kick the bucket. This is the reason as I would like to think torment is ethically supported in this circumstance. The main contention I utilized shows a genuine case of how tormenting can spare individuals lives, capture a lawbreaker, and keep more individuals from biting the dust in the short and since quite a while ago run. A partner from my last paper, Mirko Bagaric, concur with me. Bagaric is an educator of law at Deakin University and as per him, torment is reasonable when utilized as a data gathering strategy to deflect extraordinary hazard (Bagaric, p. 264). In my model, it clearly concurs with Bagarics proclamation. There are numerous factors that go into whether tormenting somebody in an extreme circumstance is reasonable. Bagaric composed a rundown of these factors: 1. the quantity of lives in danger; 2. the quickness of the damage; 3. the accessibility of different intends to get the data; 4. the degree of bad behavior of the specialist; and 5. the probability that the operator really processes the applicable data. I accept that if these were the five principles in a law that controlled torment so we could set a trade off with individuals who figure torment ought to never occur. The main motivation I think tormenting is alright in hurt based circumstances is on the grounds that it is our ethical obligation to spare different people groups lives. As I would like to think, some ethical obligations supersede others. The ethical obligation to spare a great many individuals abrogates the ethical obligation to regard someones physical body, who is holding data from you since they need each one of those individuals to pass on. Everybody must concur that the most essential and significant human right is the privilege to life. On the off chance that you get an opportunity to spare a great many lives and tormenting is your solitary alternative then the decision is self-evident. Tormenting must be alright in certain conditions, so as to spare lives. I am not saying that individuals should torment an individual to death since that disregards their entitlement to live. Be that as it may, if the torment just aims some physical agony to one individual to spare numerous lives at that point torment ought to be ethically and legitimately allowable. In Heinz site, at whatever point tormenting somebody there ought to consistently be a specialist there to ensure the individual being tormented isnt executed. I don't think tormenting is in every case alright and it ought to consistently ought to be the last alternative, yet when more regrettable comes to more awful sparing a large number of individuals merits tormenting an individual who approves of those individuals biting the dust. Individuals who contradict torment consistently are deontologists. Deontologists accept that general principles and qualities must be regarded paying little heed to the result. As indicated by them even a savage psychological militant who needs to slaughter their loved ones ought not be hurt since it is improper to deliver physical torment on somebody. They accept that you ought to never twist the standards regardless of whether it causes passing. Some of them accept that on the off chance that you permit tormenting that you will begin down a tricky incline. For instance, this elusive slant could pave the way to executing a detainee to maintain a strategic distance from a bomb going off and murdering thousands. Furthermore, imagine a scenario in which, you murdered the detainee and the person didnt surrender any data. The elusive incline of erring prompts all the more erring as indicated by deontologists. For them, torment advances viciousness and sin. In spite of the fact that, I do concur with a portion of the segments from different sides contention it doesnt change the reality the torment is required in some malevolent cases. I concur that you ought not cause someone else physical damage, yet on the off chance that hurting this individual can spares lives I trust it is ethically alright. Individuals have a more noteworthy good commitment to safeguard our species and protect our family and nation. On the off chance that truly hurting one individual can assist us with doing this, at that point tormenting ought to be satisfactory. Rivals to torment additionally expressed that we will go down an elusive street to sin and murdering individuals being tormented, yet I oppose this idea. I accept that we are sufficiently discerning to have the option to torment somebody and keep them alive. When tormenting somebody I figure it would possibly be worthy if a specialist was available to ensure the individual be tormented didnt bite the dust. Likewise, I accept we must be 100% positive the detainee has the data we need, in any case; tormenting them would not be right. I realize that tormenting isn't right by and large yet in ought to be adequate in others. Bagaric states that A lawful structure ought to be built up to appropriately suit these circumstances, (Bagaric 274). If torment somehow happened to be directed rather than denied, it would bring out more prominent great then it would hurt. Torment happens whether it is restricted or not. On the off chance that we make the possibility of a torment warrant at any rate we are expressing what we are doing as opposed to concealing it. The best way to get a torment warrant is meet the five factors Bagaric composed. Specialists being available when a detainee is being tormented additionally guarantees that their life is being looked out for cautiously. In this model it shows that torment can be directed to safeguard we dont tumble down a tricky incline and that it will help spare numerous individuals later on. My subsequent contention shows that guideline of torment is better than restricting it. As I would like to think, conceding what you show improvement over lying about it. Torment is prohibited in Israel yet they have been condemned everywhere throughout the world for tormenting individuals, (Dershowitz). They are being double-dealing. The United States torments individuals furtively to discover indispensable data. In spite of the fact that they attempt to be cryptic about it, they typically get captured. It would be better if everybody realized that torment does occur and needs to here and there. I concur and wish that we never needed to do it, yet once in a while to spare lives you have. By directing torment, individuals won't be misleading about it and there will be rules relating to the issue. An undeniable issue with this contention is once more, the tricky slant. Individuals against torment accept on the off chance that you make the way for torment, regardless of whether you direct it, you will prompt increasingly more torment. They state regardless of whether you torment is required in outrageous circumstances that making it lawful will permit torment in less urgent circumstances. Once more, I can answer this protest of the dangerous incline for directing torment. Most importantly, torment is as of now utilized despite the fact that it is legitimately precluded. I think making managing torment will really diminish it. Individuals should get torment warrant and we should ensure those are difficult to get. Second, Bagaric and Clarke state, that there is no proof to propose that the legal infringement of central human interests will essentially prompt an infringement of crucial rights where the per-conditions for the action are unmistakably depicted and controlled. For instance, we utilize capital punishment in the U. S. , however we despite everything esteem life and havent been killing individuals except if it was for a real explanation. Religions, for example, the Muslim-American religion state, It is skeptical, corrupt, and unethical(Rashid 1). They express their strict history is loaded with stories requesting that we denounce misuse and torment. The Muslim-Americans state that, The Prophet Moses yielded his regal situation to stop a demonstration of torment (Rashid1). They express, the Prophet Muhammad disallowed the abuse of detainees. Torment outrages Muslim-Americans since it is improper nature. They express that the torment of people at the command of the American government must be denounced. They state that, Simply on the grounds that another nation permits torment doesn't mean we ought to empower and use the ethical shortcoming of others (Rashid 1). They clarify that when we confirmed the Convention Against Torture President Ronald Reagan stated, â€Å"[We] plainly express United States restriction to torment, a loathsome practice lamentably still predominant on the planet today. † They additionally hail President Obama for sparkling light on these despicable practices. At long last they stated, We can't be hard of hearing to the voice of equity, yet should set up it. Torment isn't simply (Rashid 2). The Muslim Religion has numerous admirable statements, yet I differ that torment is never right and shameless. Once in a while terrible things can be utilized for more prominent's benefit. My dad who was a veteran of the Air Force realizes that it is so imperative to get indispensable data out of foes. My dad accepts, as Bagaric, when numerous lives are in danger and the best way to spare somebody is torment them then you ought to do what is important. My father has experienced torment preparing. My father expresses that, on the off chance that the opposite side is going to torment us, at that point we must have to become familiar with similar strategies. My dad said in the meeting, that torment ought to consistently be the last choice, however when things are turning for the most exceedingly awful then some of the time you simply need to do

Buisness Environment

The business condition of sweets wrapping is exuberant and very promising for new companies to initiate and work business. There are continually rising sweets organizations with new flavors and tastes covering the whole age market of youngsters, youth, people and even old. Uncommonly lolly pops, tablets, eclairs, are unsurpassed top choices for all gathering of ages and wrappers are all over the place. Particularly after the dispatch of Internet innovation, candy-wrapping business has risen as a specific business with benefit making margins.In certainty remain at mother treats wrapping business have been welcoming people to take up sweets wrapping business. Candy wrapping is a superb ebusiness which can be in little volumes too in huge volumes though the interest for sweets wrapping can never be stopped. Confections are 24ãâ€"7 business which are accessible at each event starting from birthday events to wedding festivities. The qualities that are required in sweets wrapping business is to have abilities of structuring programming of illustrations to expand vivid view on candy wrappers.Lot of imagination and fanciful work that must work in planning of wrappers which will demonstrate recipient for business. There are no specific shortcomings in the matter of treats wrapping without the worry of business visionary, for example, poor client connection the board, less than ideal conveyances, low quality paper, spoilt/broken confections, poor pressing are a portion of the sharp territories where business will be lost. Site is no assurance verification that business will be created at a quick pace while it must be publicized through legitimate channels.A wide assortment of chances are accessible in candy wrapping business. The business incorporates multinationals, for example, settle, Cadbury Schweppes, and administration arranged associations viz. , wedding organizers, birthday celebrations, flower vendors, toy stores, baby and youngsters shops, can be embraced. Gea r that is required for structuring treats wrappers is, a PC, ebusiness unit, programming for planning wrappers, shading printer and paper. It is additionally a reality contenders can never be assumed a back as misfortune but to the way that the nature of paper must be brilliant with appealing designs.Timely conveyance of products must be embraced with most extreme consideration and flawlessly stuffed to pick up brand picture of ebusiness. There are numerous fruitful organizations which are engaged with treats wrapping business. (1) candywrapper woman (2) custom treats wrappers (3) CJ’s Candy Wrap-ups (4) Party411. com (5) chocolatecovers. com. In spite of the fact that there is a firm rivalry in the market, each organization is specific with a specific structure which is the quality work as per the necessity and loving of a client.Each organization is had practical experience in a specific programming and plan and concentrates just those territories of customers. This likewis e expands parcel of advantages for organizations and customers who are offered with assortment, wide decision and with quality work. End For each ebusiness proprietor, a total and intensive information on candy wrapping, web research to construct customer base, advertise examination and money control is required while the essential expertise of top quality structures must be focused.There can likewise be another choice to work for a treats wrapping organization before beginning an own business, so as to increase adequate information, experience and direction to stay away from a beginner tries in ebusiness. References Start your own business get the bizymoms candy wrapper profession pack Accessed 20 June 2007 http://www. bizymoms. com/truck/professions/candywrap_kit. html The sweets wrapping business Accessed 20 June 2007 http://www. talewins. com/homepreneurs/candywrapping. htm

The Purpose of Psychology Theories

The Purpose of Psychology Theories Theories Developmental Psychology Print The Purpose of Psychology Theories By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on December 12, 2019 Maskot / Getty Images More in Theories Developmental Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology There are numerous psychological theories that are used to explain and predict a wide variety of behaviors. One of the first things that a new psychology student might notice is that there are a lot of theories to learn. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, Erikson’s psychosocial theory, the Big Five theory, and Bandura’s social learning theory are just a few examples that might spring to mind. What exactly is the purpose of having so many psychological theories? Why Psychological Theories Exist These theories serve a number of important purposes. Let’s look at three key reasons why psychological theories exist. They Provide a Basis for Understanding the Mind and Behavior Theories provide a framework for understanding human behavior, thought, and development. By having a broad base of understanding about the hows and whys of human behavior, we can better understand ourselves and others. Each theory provides a context for unders?tanding a certain aspect of human behavior. Behavioral theories, for example, provide a basis for understanding how people learn new things. Through the lens of these theories, we can take a closer look at some of the different ways that learning occurs as well as the factors that influence this type of learning. They Inspire Future Research Theories create a basis for future research. Researchers use theories to form hypotheses that can then be tested. As new discoveries are made and incorporated into the original theory, new questions and ideas can then be explored. They Can Adapt and Evolve Theories are dynamic and always changing. As new discoveries are made, theories are modified and adapted to account for new information. While theories are sometimes presented as static and fixed, they tend to evolve over time as new research is explored. Attachment theory, for example, began with the work of John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth and has expanded and grown to include new descriptions of different attachment styles. Examples of Major Theoretical Perspectives There have been a number of key theoretical perspectives that have had an influence throughout psychology’s history. Even today, many psychologists tend to focus their research through the lens of a certain theoretical perspective. Theories tend to fall into one of a few different types.Grand theories attempt to describe many aspects of the human experience. Examples include Freud’s psychoanalytic theory and Erikson’s psychosocial theory.Mini-theories, on the other hand, focus on describing just a narrow range of behaviors.Emergent theories are those that are newer and often involve combining different aspects of various mini-theories. Vygotskys sociocultural theory is an example of an emergent theory. Some examples of these theories include: Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory suggests that unconscious urges and desires drive human behavior. This perspective suggests that understanding these underlying and hidden thoughts can help alleviate different types of psychological discomfort and distress.Behavioral Theory: The behavioral theories suggest that all human behavior can be explained by the learning processes. This approach to psychology emerged with the work of John B. Watson, who was interested in making psychology a more scientific discipline that focused exclusively on observable and measurable behaviors. Inspired by the work of Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, who had discovered and described the process of classical conditioning, Watson demonstrated how different behaviors could be conditioned. The later work of B.F. Skinner introduced the concept of operant conditioning, which looked at how reinforcement and punishment led to learning.Cognitive Development Theory: Jean Piaget introdu ced another well-known grand theory. His theory of cognitive development described the intellectual growth of children from birth and into childhood. This theory suggests that children act much like little scientists as they actively construct their knowledge of the world.Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory: Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky proposed a sociocultural theory of development that is a good example of how new theories often build on older theories. Piaget influenced Vygotsky, but his theory suggested that much of learning results from the dynamic interaction between individuals and their culture.

The Purpose of Psychology Theories

The Purpose of Psychology Theories Theories Developmental Psychology Print The Purpose of Psychology Theories By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on December 12, 2019 Maskot / Getty Images More in Theories Developmental Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology There are numerous psychological theories that are used to explain and predict a wide variety of behaviors. One of the first things that a new psychology student might notice is that there are a lot of theories to learn. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, Erikson’s psychosocial theory, the Big Five theory, and Bandura’s social learning theory are just a few examples that might spring to mind. What exactly is the purpose of having so many psychological theories? Why Psychological Theories Exist These theories serve a number of important purposes. Let’s look at three key reasons why psychological theories exist. They Provide a Basis for Understanding the Mind and Behavior Theories provide a framework for understanding human behavior, thought, and development. By having a broad base of understanding about the hows and whys of human behavior, we can better understand ourselves and others. Each theory provides a context for unders?tanding a certain aspect of human behavior. Behavioral theories, for example, provide a basis for understanding how people learn new things. Through the lens of these theories, we can take a closer look at some of the different ways that learning occurs as well as the factors that influence this type of learning. They Inspire Future Research Theories create a basis for future research. Researchers use theories to form hypotheses that can then be tested. As new discoveries are made and incorporated into the original theory, new questions and ideas can then be explored. They Can Adapt and Evolve Theories are dynamic and always changing. As new discoveries are made, theories are modified and adapted to account for new information. While theories are sometimes presented as static and fixed, they tend to evolve over time as new research is explored. Attachment theory, for example, began with the work of John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth and has expanded and grown to include new descriptions of different attachment styles. Examples of Major Theoretical Perspectives There have been a number of key theoretical perspectives that have had an influence throughout psychology’s history. Even today, many psychologists tend to focus their research through the lens of a certain theoretical perspective. Theories tend to fall into one of a few different types.Grand theories attempt to describe many aspects of the human experience. Examples include Freud’s psychoanalytic theory and Erikson’s psychosocial theory.Mini-theories, on the other hand, focus on describing just a narrow range of behaviors.Emergent theories are those that are newer and often involve combining different aspects of various mini-theories. Vygotskys sociocultural theory is an example of an emergent theory. Some examples of these theories include: Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory suggests that unconscious urges and desires drive human behavior. This perspective suggests that understanding these underlying and hidden thoughts can help alleviate different types of psychological discomfort and distress.Behavioral Theory: The behavioral theories suggest that all human behavior can be explained by the learning processes. This approach to psychology emerged with the work of John B. Watson, who was interested in making psychology a more scientific discipline that focused exclusively on observable and measurable behaviors. Inspired by the work of Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, who had discovered and described the process of classical conditioning, Watson demonstrated how different behaviors could be conditioned. The later work of B.F. Skinner introduced the concept of operant conditioning, which looked at how reinforcement and punishment led to learning.Cognitive Development Theory: Jean Piaget introdu ced another well-known grand theory. His theory of cognitive development described the intellectual growth of children from birth and into childhood. This theory suggests that children act much like little scientists as they actively construct their knowledge of the world.Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory: Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky proposed a sociocultural theory of development that is a good example of how new theories often build on older theories. Piaget influenced Vygotsky, but his theory suggested that much of learning results from the dynamic interaction between individuals and their culture.

Significance of the Title of Riders to the Sea - Literature Essay Samples

In the tragic spectacle of Riders to the Sea, John Millington Synge explores an essentially Pagan situation. There is a degree of deliberation in the choice of the title and its application is both literal and metaphorical since it is an extended metaphor meaning â€Å"we are all moving toward mortal death†. The title mainly embodies the Biblical allusion: in the book of Exodus there is a mention of how Pharaoh’s horsemen pursued the Israelites to the sea but themselves perished in the process. Miriam, the prophetess, sang the glory of Lord for â€Å"the horse and his rider He has thrown into the sea†. Obviously Pharaoh’s horsemen, the riders to the sea, were cursed by God and they met their death in the raging waters. In the play, Maurya may or may not have been cursed by the Lord but there is something ill fated about their journey, a fact that Maurya knows too well. Having lost her husband and her four sons, she tries to prevent her last and youngest son, Bartley from going into the sea despite the young priest assuring her that â€Å"Almighty God will not leave her destitute with no son living†. Here the priest himself is seen as a piece of fragile optimism since Maurya’s religious beliefs hasn’t been of much help in the past and thus, she brusquely dismisses the priest’s assurance stating, â€Å"It’s little the like of him known about the sea†. Unfortunately, what Maurya apprehends turns out to be true; Bentley too perishes at the end of the play. The title, The Riders to the Sea is a constant reminder of the reality of Maurya’s predicament that the members of her family have a sealed destiny like that of the Pharaoh’s riders. They will ride to the sea with confidence and hope but will never return alive. However, the main difference lies in the fact that the inhabitants of the Aran Islands posed no challenge to the mighty sea. In fact, they are simple, innocent villagers who are actually dependent on the sea for their livelihood and obviously do not pose a threat to its rage and power. Yet they are fated in such a way that there is no escape from their destiny; the riders are caught in an exorable cycle where they are always the victim of the invincible force of the sea hungering after them. The playwright himself stayed in Galway Coast off Southern Ireland for a considerable time in an effort to write literature with a purely Irish influence. Thus, Riders to the Sea brilliantly captures the plight of these men and women struggling against the force of nature to sustain themselves. These villagers, mostly Catholic also struggle with the potential contradictory implications of the Catholic faith. In a more immediate and dramatic context, the term â€Å"Riders† has a particular reference to only two riders in the play. One is the doomed Bartley and the other is his spectral brother, Michael. The living Bartley rides on his â€Å"red mare† while his dead brother is carried on the â€Å"grey pony† behind. This is the â€Å"fear fullest thing† envisioned by Maurya. This awful vision lies at the center of Synge’s play for apparition of the non human rider Michael passes Bartley’s imminent doom. In Michael’s elegy, their poor mother talks about Bartley like he has already died, stating, â€Å"I’ve had a husband and a husband’s father and six sons in this house†¦but they’re gone now, a lot of them†. It is indeed heart wrenching when a mother has to deliver the elegy of all her children when in fact the sons died for no fault of their own. Michael, Bartley, and the other young men of the Islands are all â€Å"riders† to the sea and in a fatal turn of events the living and the dead mingle together somehow to create an atmosphere of an impending tragic doom. Therefore, the title emphasizes the mythical and supernatural trappings of Synge’s tragedy. The implication of the â€Å"riders† widens and Bartley and Michael become human symbols of the men folk of Aran Islands who have faced the sea in the past and fearlessly braved its might. The title reinforces the overwhelming theme of death that pervades the whole play. It is not only Maurya who has witnessed her whole family perish in the waves; on a macrocosmic level, the death of Michael and subsequently of Bartley is a metaphor to explain what the villagers experience on a daily basis. But the kernel of the tragedy is the heroic struggle of the character against all odds and the final vindication of the greatness and sublimity of the indomitable human spirit. The particular satisfaction of tragic comes from a feeling that the protagonist’s spirit is way superior to the catastrophic power of the sea which has the capacity to toss and turn and engulf any puny man in no time. In Riders to the Sea, the characters wage their struggle against a destiny that shows no mercy and ultimately defeats them. The riders venture out, despite their knowledge that their fathers and grandfathers met with the same fate. But life is not a static, it must go on and thus, the men ride out to the sea in spite of knowing that they may never return home again. So Bartley does a similar thing when he decides to brave the sea by turning a deaf ear to his mother’s pleadings. This notion of the unflinching human spirit is illustrated through Cathleen’s speech, â€Å"Itâ₠¬â„¢s the life of a young man to be going on the sea and who would listen to an old woman with one thing and she saying it over?†. In conclusion it can be said that J.M. Synge while representing the young men as riders to the sea, he also suggests their heroism. On one hand there is an element of helplessness among the island dwellers while on the other, the undaunted gallantry of the men that impels them to take on the challenges and face whatever Nature thrusts them with. Thus, the title highlights the rhetoric of this heroic gesture on the part of the weak fated doomed mortals. It is therefore highly appropriate since it suggests not only the contextual and symbolic framework of the play but also indicates the nature of the horrific in Synge’s one act tragedy.

Comparing Dreams in Song of Solomon, Push, and Incidents...

A Dream Revised in Song of Solomon, Push, and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl America was founded on the belief that all men are created equal. However, a question must be posed which asks who constitutes men and what is equal? Where do women fit into the picture? What about minorities? The Declaration of Independence serves as the framework for rules that govern the people who fall beneath it, but who were the architects of the infamous work? They were white, upper class, men. They looked at slavery as a grievous sin, yet they allowed it to occur for decades. Immigrants from all parts of the country came to America to be free from persecution and terror; unfortunately, people were not free in Americas†¦show more content†¦They were captured and brought to their new homes in chains. America came to the Africans; the Africans did not come to America. In many pieces of African-American literature, the voiceless and choiceless mentality can be seen. In Incidents in a Life of a Slave Girl, Linda Brent recounts a time when her voice and choice were not heard. She was fifteen and her master, Dr. Flint, whispered impure and unclean statements in her ears that never left young Lindas mind. I turned from him with disgust and hatred. But he was my master. I was compelled to live under the same roof with him.... there is no shadow of law to protect her from insult, from violence, or even from death; all these are inflicted by fiends who bear the shape of men. (361) Linda is embarrassed, angry, and ashamed to be subjected to this level of comment from a middle-aged man with a wife and children. Yet, she is unable to escape those words, even after she has escaped from his grasp. A slave has no choice in the path his or her life takes. They did not choose to come to America; they did not choose whose home they served; they had no voluntary actions to speak of. They were involuntary participants in a society that needed them. The South would not have been as prosperous and fertile had it not been for the free labor that slaves provided. Blacks were forced to work and labor for little or no pay and they reapedShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesGlobalization 16 †¢ Managing Workforce Diversity 18 †¢ Improving Customer Service 18 †¢ Improving People Skills 19 †¢ Stimulating Innovation and Change 20 †¢ C oping with â€Å"Temporariness† 20 †¢ Working in Networked Organizations 20 †¢ Helping Employees Balance Work–Life Conflicts 21 †¢ Creating a Positive Work Environment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-AssessmentRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesStress-Reduction Techniques 144 SKILL ANALYSIS 147 Cases Involving Stress Management 147 The Turn of the Tide 147 The Case of the Missing Time 150 SKILL PRACTICE 155 Exercises for Long-Term and Short-Run Stress Management The Small-Wins Strategy 155 Life-Balance Analysis 156 Deep Relaxation 158 Monitoring and Managing Time 159 SKILL APPLICATION 161 Activities for Managing Stress 161 Suggested Assignments 161 Application Plan and Evaluation 162 SCORING KEYS AND COMPARISON DATA Stress Management AssessmentRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesof Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) Concepts to Text Topics Chapter 1 Modern Project Management Chapter 8 Scheduling resources and cost 1.2 Project defined 1.3 Project management defined 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 2.1 The project life cycle (.2.3) App. G.1 The project manager App. G.7 Political and social environments F.1 Integration of project management processes [3.1] 6.5.2 Setting a schedule baseline [8.1.4] 6.5.3.1 Setting a resource schedule 6.5.2.4 Resource leveling 7.2 Setting

Ephesus and the Ancient Library of Celsus

Essay about The Importance of Public Broadcast Television

In the beginning of broadcasting, public broadcasting was not quite important or seen as useful. Commercial broadcasting was all the rage; the blitz for commercial station licenses went on from the 1940s – 1950s. However, The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) did reserve many frequencies for educational television (ETV). These stations were just beginning to be used in the early 1950s for universities and other nonprofits. Public-service broadcasters try to show programming that will improve society by informing. This is the main difference between public and commercial. Commercial broadcasters only care about attracting the greatest amount of people by showing popular material while increasing their profit with commercials and†¦show more content†¦The trick was to provide programming that would serve as an alternative to commercial television. According to author Jason Mittell, â€Å"One of the challenges of this strategy is that public broadcasting has always served as the default home to programs with low popularity, as commercial broadcasters have cornered the market on genres with mass appeal.† (117) While commercial programming focuses on mostly entertainment, public broadcast programming folds in how-to shows, science shows, performing art shows, history shows, and occasionally foreign programs. This is how public broadcast television contributes in a world dominated by commercial television. In PBSs mission statement, it declares, â€Å"To achieve our goals as a public service provider, we collaborate with producers and our member stations to involve viewers in pursuits of the arts, education, and cultural, political and environmental awareness. PBS makes every effort to deliver media content that encourages viewers to become active participants in promoting change and shaping their communities, whether familial, local or global.† While PBTV may not gather the largest audience on television, it plays a vital role in t he preservation of music, art, and historical events for present and future generations to see. There are also programs that are health related; how to improve yours mentally and physically. While I was brainstorming for thisShow MoreRelatedEvolutionary Families Essay1535 Words   |  7 Pages Over decades, television shows have reflected the social changes of the family structure. Starting with the 1960’s, a family commonly consisted of parents and their children. Nuclear families, with parents and children, embodied shows like Leave it to Beaver and The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriett. Family was everything to people back in the day. People lived to create and spend time with their family. Television shows were emerging steadily and became popular. Also, television was a main sourceRead MoreGood Night And Good Luck : A Cultural Impact1503 Words   |  7 PagesGood Night and Good Luck: A Cultural Impact In the world of Good Night and Good Luck broadcast journalism was in it’s infancy, television had seeped into the homes and lives of the public, and Americans lived in fear of an invasion of the red. This isn’t too different from our world today: instant-access journalism is on the rise, the internet has captured our lives, and Americans live in fear of an invasion of foreigners. George Clooney’s film has a remarkable timelessness to it, which goes farRead MoreFederal Communication Commissions1525 Words   |  6 Pagesrules are in the public interest. Legal Authority of the FCC and its History The FCC administers all broadcasting and imposes the requirements for wire and wireless communications through its rules and regulations. The archetypes for the FCC’s broadcasting regulations were formed before the Communications Act of 1934 by its predecessor the Federal Radio Commission. Unequivocal jurisdiction over broadcast was not granted to the federal government to exclusively regulate broadcast but a year priorRead MoreUsing Examples, Explain the Difference Between Obscene and Indecent Materials.1267 Words   |  6 PagesObscene material is described as disgusting or repulsive but indecent material is described as being offensive to the public. Both obscene and indecent can be view differently by the public; however, the Constitution plays a role with indecent material. Obscene material is not protected by the First Amendment,† (The Dynamics of Mass Communication Tenth Edition, page 377) and broadcast stations cannot air obscene material at anytime. The problem with this is that no one had come up with a set standardRead MoreThe Media And Its Impact On Society914 Words   |  4 PagesThe media is very a controversial source of information heavily relied upon by many in today’s fast paced society. From its being media has been a controversial provider of information to the public in our nation. What was the initial purpose of the media and what about in today’s society ? How has it changed since it first began in the United States? Finally, does it still serve a useful purpose to society today? These are questions that are often asked but go unanswered to the satisfaction ofRead MoreThe Assassination Of President Kennedy969 Words   |  4 Pagescrime, Lee H. Oswald was apprehended by police officers for being the prime suspect in Kennedy’s assassination. Social media erupted like never before on the day of President Kennedy’s death and communication through television, radio and the newspaper was at an all time importance. President Kennedy’s assassination broke the American Spirit as shown through media such as The New York Times and Walter Cronkite of CBS news. The emotional impact of Kennedy’s death altered the objective approach ofRead MoreHow Does Media Bias Affect Campaigns? Essay1654 Words   |  7 Pagespoliticians alike often discuss the role of the news media’s place in affecting campaigns, and voter perceptions. Claims of media bias in political news coverage have risen over the past two decades. Scholarly research has explored concerns that broadcast and print media shape voting decisions in democratic processes. The aim of my literature review is to investigate and study the hypothesis that the more a specific news media outlet prefers a particular candidate, the more likely the person viewingRead MoreHcs 320 Communication and Crisis Essay1261 Words   |  6 Pagesauthorized by myself before being released by different agencies or individuals. The term â€Å"crisis communication† is associated more with emergency management and the need to inform and alert the public about an event. In this case, crisis communication may refer to the community leaders’ efforts to inform the public (Reynolds, 2012, p. 28). The Department of Health and Environmental Control, Poison Control, and the Centers for Disease Control will be agencies involved in the investigating the water contaminationRead MoreMass Media Approach For An Multi Media1443 Words   |  6 Pagescountry, in NCERT and at the Center of Educational Technology (CET) as the mass media for in service teacher-educators. This ex periment has involved the multi-media package which has the following components: Television programme for 22 minutes, ratio programme for 20 minutes Pre and post television for 1 hour. The multi-media approach for the following areas of education (a) Distant education for study. (b) Non-formal education programme, (c)Correspondence education, and (d) Adult education programmeRead MoreMind and Rumors875 Words   |  4 Pagesout as unverified information. If a rumor is verified it is no longer a rumor, it then becomes factual information. The information that is passed from one person to many people is thought to be of importance. Whether the rumor pertains to something local, nationwide, global, social, political, public, or private it contains information that is substantial and has the possibility to be life changing. A rumor is targeted to a certain group of people. The spread of the rumor depends on the number of

The Cultural Revolution A Period Of Loss For China

Katie Zhang Richardson WH-II Research Paper 5 June 2015 The Cultural Revolution was a period of loss for China; 1.5 million lives were lost, but even more lost their property, their dignity, and their culture. The instigator of this period of devastation, Mao Zedong, crippled China (â€Å"Cultural Revolution†). Mao, the most influential man in Chinese history, was able to obtain power through repressive campaigns and his ruthless Red Guard supporters. When Mao Zedong was born in 1893, China was in a terrible state. The Opium War, the Open Door Policy, and the unsuccessful Boxer Revolution left China in widespread devastation. As the Qing Dynasty ended in 1912, new leaders prepared to take power (Gay 16). Two leaders that†¦show more content†¦The Nationalists who sought power over the Communists massacred around five to six thousand Communists in Shanghai on April 12, 1927. A Civil war had broken out (Wertz). Mao fled the Nationalist purges and escaped into the mountainous region of Jianggangshang. There, Mao or ganized a rag-tag army composed of bandits and peasants called the Red Army. The Red Army was ill-equipped yet by using guerilla warfare and Mao’s battle slogans, â€Å"When the enemy advances, we retreat! When the enemy halts and encamps, we trouble them! When the enemy seeks to avoid a battle, we attack! When the enemy retreats, we pursue,† the Red Army was able to gain territory from the KMT from 1930 to 1934 (Gay 36). However, by the end of 1934, the KMT surrounded the Red Army and they were forced to retreat. For a six thousand miles journey from the Jiangxi Province to the Shaanxi Province, the Red Army marched to save themselves from the KMT. This trek was known as the Long March. Out of the estimated one hundred to two hundred thousand soldiers that marched, only seven to eight thousand survived (Gay 39). When the Red Army arrived at their destination at Shaanxi, Japan had taken advantage of the civil war and had invaded and occupied all of Manchuria, a mineral rich land in northern China (Malaspina 57). As Japanese troops moved south, the Red Army temporarily combined forces with the KMT to fight off Japan. Yet even with combined forces, the

Describe and critically evaluate the psychoanalytical...

Describe and Critically Evaluate the Psychoanalytical Approach Plan: 1.Introduction 2.Methods and Discoveries 3.Model of Personality 4.Stages 5.Therapies 6.Criticisms, Evaluations and Research 7.Conclusion The psychoanalytical approach is a controversial doctrine based on the system of psychoanalysis developed by Sigmund Freud. Freud was primarily interested in investigating the unconscious mind through the study of dreams, mental illness and everyday slips of the tongue or actions. He conducted a series of in-depth studies of adult neurotic, which enabled him to devise his theory of human personality, a theory of psychosexual development and an explanation of the causes and treatment of neuroses. Freud was interested in neurotic†¦show more content†¦It needs a close, personal and satisfying relationship between the patient and the therapist. The patient is interviewed extensively and encouraged to say whatever occurs to him, particularly in relation to his background or childhood. During this process of free association, the therapist attempts to identify the unconscious conflict at the heart of the problem and infer its contents. The therapist also uses dream interpretation to penetrate the unconscious mind and infer its contents. Eventually the patient will experience transference and become aware of the trauma producing the neurosis. This can become a very emotional process and may cause feelings of love or hatred towards the therapist by the patient. There is also counter- transference, which refers to the therapist s feelings of irritation, dislike or sexual attraction towards the client. The psychoanalytical approach concepts are poorly defined and are very generalised. This means that these concepts are not easily testable, as the approach is very subjective. For example: ink blots and house, tree person tests are both very subjective tests and it depended on what the client was thinking about before they started the tests rather than what happened in a life-changing moment in childhood. The psychoanalytical approach is not a scientific theory as it is impossible to explain how Freud could be proved wrong. Freud s focus for theShow MoreRelatedOne of the Main Divisions Between Mainstream and Critical Social Psychology Is That of the Methods Adopted. Discuss with Reference to the Cognitive Social and at Least One Other Social Psychological Perspective.1698 Words   |  7 Pagespsychological research and knowledge and critically evaluate different theoretical perspectives and methods. Cognitive social psychology studies the information processing individual in a social context to analyse individual cognitions in controlled social conditions. It is a quantative approach. It dominates psychological social psychology and emerged from the critique of behaviourism in the mid twentieth century. Researchers use an experimental approach involving controlled experimental conditionsRead MoreEssay on Level 3 Childrens and Young Peoples Workforce Assignment 0234376 Words   |  18 Pagescandidate will produce a report to demonstrate their knowledge and understanding of differing theories of development. This report should identify how these theories have influenced current practice and include the following: * Cognitive * Psychoanalytical * Humanist * Social learning * Operant conditioning * Behaviourist * Social pedagogy (Ref: 2.3) Personal and external factors influencing development B1 Personal factors: | Give ONE example of how this factorRead MoreUnderstand Child Young Person Development7660 Words   |  31 PagesThe candidate will produce a report to demonstrate their knowledge and understanding of differing theories of development. This report should identify how these theories have influenced current practice and include the following: †¢ Cognitive †¢ Psychoanalytical †¢ Humanist †¢ Social learning †¢ Operant conditioning †¢ Behaviourist †¢ Social pedagogy (Ref: 2.3) Personal and external factors influencing development B1 |Personal factors: |Give ONE example of how this factorRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesInterviewing 162 ETHICAL ISSUES IN HRM: The Stress Interview 163 The Behavioral Interview 164 Realistic Job Previews 164 Conditional Job Offers 165 Background Investigation 165 Medical/Physical Examination 167 Job Offers 168 The Comprehensive Approach 168 WORKPLACE ISSUES: Avoiding Hiring Mistakes 169 Now It’s Up to the Candidate 169 Selection for Self-Managed Teams Reliability 171 Validity 171 Content Validity 171 Construct Validity 172 Criterion-Related Validity 172 Recruiting: A Global

Economics Today free essay sample

A study on the current economic conditions in the United States. This paper analyzes the current economic conditions in the United States and makes speculations on the future. It claims that the bursting of the technology bubble, the terrorist attacks of September 11th and the ensuing war in Afghanistan have impacted negatively on both individuals and the stock markets. The paper explains our current phase for the business cycle, economists predictions and the latest Gross domestic product (GDP). Table of Contents Introduction What Phase of The Business Cycle are we in? What Is The Latest GDP (Real And Nominal)? How has this Changed Since 1999? What are Economists Predicting for the Current Year? What Three Events Have Occurred or will Soon be Resolved that Likely will Affect the Economy In 2003? Conclusion Bibliography The industrial age was an age of giant, mega corporations that were often bogged down by inefficient and outdated distribution, innovation, and production techniques. We will write a custom essay sample on Economics Today or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By contrast, the information age of the past 20 years or so has brought forth a new business form, a fluid congregation of businesses, sometimes highly structured, sometimes amorphous, that come together on the internet to create value for customers and wealth for their shareholders. This phenomenon has been commonly referred to as digital capital, information technology revolution, or new economy. However, as both the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the Nasdaq soared to historic highs and record volatility in just a few short years, a widespread and quite fundamental disagreement emerged concerning whether or not the high-tech boom was nothing more than one huge bubble.

Dive in free essay sample

As my steps sink into the sand, I feel the warm breeze coil around each lock of my hair. Waves crash the shoreline and fill my footprints. To others it was just another summer day, but to me it was a moment indelibly etched in my memory. A risky decision to enter strange waters had transformed my fear of the ocean into confidence. The fierce currents forced me onto the ocean floor. As a little girl, I couldn’t overcome the pressure of the waters. Trapped beneath the waves and pancaked against the sea’s sandy carpet, I choked on the water that flooded my lungs. Just as I accepted my fate below the surface, I felt a hand reach out to rescue me. I emerged physically unscathed, but mentally traumatized. I grew older, yet my fear of the ocean remained. The thought of seawater rising above my knee paralyzed me. We will write a custom essay sample on Dive in or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Floating in a shallow pool was one thing; however, the ocean’s wild water was a completely different story. It was not worth the risk. The lack of protection against the harsh swells contributed to my psychological apprehension. That is, until the sun’s rays forced the mercury in the thermometer to ninety-nine degrees. Seeking refuge from the unbearable heat, I searched for a solution. It was time to release my trepidation and take a risk. It was time to conquer my fear. Racing across the sand I dove head first into the water. Safely surfacing dissipated my apprehension. As time elapsed, I became oblivious to the currents subtle drift away from the coastline. Realizing my distance from the shallows, I attempted to stroke towards shore, but the tide’s force hindered any advancement. As the current slowly swept me away, panic quickly besieged me. My limbs weary and my lungs gasping for air, I started to lose hope and succumb to hopelessness, but I couldn’t let my fear get the best of me; the water would not win. Though my risk of facing the ocean was hazardous, I was determined to succeed. The adrenaline pumping through my veins paired with a doggedness to survive, I broke the current’s hold by swimming across the undertow and safely onto shore. Aware of this beach’s powerful undercurrents, I disregarded the danger and leapt into perilous waters. A blind leap of faith requires the motivation to test one’s limitations. There is no doubt that this risk could have left me at the bottom of the ocean; however what is life but a series of gambles that we hope to survive. Drowning in the regret of what could have been is not an option. The undertow of reality can drown a person’s determination; however, self-assurance enables resilience. The only way to stay afloat is to continue treading water through all of life’s troubles. There is no holding back, there is only pushing forward. The risky dive into coll ege waters will be no different. It is a time to leave familiar waters and venture into an ocean of possibilities.

Essay for Proposal - Why a Great Sample for Project is Needed

Essay for Proposal - Why a Great Sample for Project is NeededAn excellent sample thesis for proposal essay is one that can be followed in preparation of the paper. If you're looking for a good guide, be sure to look at an excellent and complete thesis for proposal essay. The following will be sure to get you prepared for this writing exercise.All projects of study have one goal. To give students the knowledge to communicate well and to excel in their careers. No matter what subject area you are studying, this will be the most important thing that you should know. This is why a solid thesis for proposal is so important.Every project you get is the project for a question you want to ask in your paper. Even if you plan on taking one class, you will be asked to take many projects and you need to answer them all correctly in order to be successful.Writing your thesis for proposal essay must be well thought out. You don't want to spend too much time on your paper and not get anything done. An excellent guide will tell you everything that you need to know about writing a great thesis for proposal essay.Writing a thesis for proposal is an important project to finish, so it will be no less important than any other project you may have taken on. If you are really good at the project, you can always have it featured in your portfolio.Writing an excellent thesis for proposal is very simple and easy. But when you put yourself in the shoes of the professor who will read it, you will see that the essay will be different from what you thought. You will begin to realize the importance of the essay you are writing and how it will serve you for many years.Writing an excellent project for your paper will definitely be the best experience of your life. Your professors will remember the experience and you will be recognized for your hard work.

David Carson - A Brief Look At His Work Essays -

David Carson - A Brief Look At His Work MAIN NAME SHEET David Carson was born in Texas in the United States. Many of his design influences have come from his early childhood while travelling around America, Puerto Rico and the West Indies. His first significant exposure to graphic design education came as part of a three-week workshop in Switzerland, where the Swiss graphic designer Hans-Rudolph Lutz influenced him. He then worked in a high school near San Diego from 1982 to 1987. During this time he also carried highly experimental graphic design as the art director of the magazine Transworld Skateboarding. Among his abilities of art directing, graphic designing and film directing, he was also a professional surfer. His immense interest in the surfing culture persuaded him to return to the West Coast where he helped launch the magazine Beach Culture. The magazine only lasted three years but Carson's pioneering approach to design, particularly toward typography challenged the fundamental aspects of all design and graphic communication. SURFER SHEET Carson's work was often arresting and powerfully communicative. From 1991 to 1992 he worked on Surfer magazine. The straightforward styling of the covers was a strong contrast to the later How magazine covers. Here you could associate with Carson as his unique use of typography filled each cover to give an interesting introduction to the contents. After this came his break into an international profile when he helped launch Raygun magazine, designing the first 30 issues. This magazine, aimed at the youth market with the sub-title of the bible of music+style, received more attention for Carson's design than for its relatively conventional text content. After this very successful period of Carson's life, his work began to attract wider audiences: it was featured by many mainstream publications, including the New York Times in May 1994, and Newsweek Magazine in 1996. The main comments from the publications were how Carson stood out for his ability to communicate in mass-media print with a new graphic language, one that worked on a level beyond words. RAY-BAN SHEET His commercial clients included major American brands such as Pepsi Cola, Nike, Levi-Strauss, Microsoft, Budweiser, Giorgio Armani, Ray-Ban and NBC. This particular advert for Ray-Ban sunglasses is a good use of a visual pun. The product was called Ray-Ban Orbs, and here you can see that he uses the sunglasses as the ?O' of the word. This idea was also used across posters, print ads and postcards. As you can see in the corner of this ad, unlike the majority of designers, Carson likes to show the reader that he is the designer and insists on most of his ads to carry his name. This use of self-advertising is particularly useful because Carson has seen the opportunity to publicise his name and to show people that he is linked with major brand companies. You may also note that his name is more prominent than the actual Ray-Ban logo and that it appears directly below the logo. By doing this, Carson may feel that his name is more of an endorsement than the actual logo or that his name is o nly used with the most prolific brands. CUERVO GOLD SHEET Another interesting advert, this time with heavy typographic influence is this one for Cuervo Gold Tequila. The text in this ad is very legible, because Carson needs to display a lot of information but also keeps the reader interested by adjusting the type size and spacing. The first line is also very catchy and the whole text draws you deeper and deeper into the ad until you hit the punch line. WORKSHOP SHEET At the same time he worked for low-cost or free with student workshops, talks and related activities. In his Time After Type workshop in Dusseldorf, Carson suggested the signing of the space should be done by projecting large type into one corner. Here you can see that the type is only readable in one space, providing an intriguing exploration of perspective that requires viewers to question their relationship with the sign and to seek out the route to communication. INTERNET SITE SHEET This final piece of work is for two ads for an Internet search company, which play off the idea of extracting

Siberia essays

Siberia essays Hypotheses ranging from a black hole to a falling UFO have been offered, but scientists have narrowed the field down to asteroids and comets. The debate whether the strike was an asteroid or comet is ongoing today. Scientists did not venture to Tunguska for another 19 years. They anxiously searched the area for a crater but found none. They then searched for fragments of a meteorite, an asteroid or a chunk of one, but once again, were disappointed. There are many theories that point to an asteroid. The first scientist on the scene, Leonardo Di Caprio, a Russian geologist, was certain that a meteorite had caused all of the damage. He was able to find the center of the explosion judging from the way the trees were blown outward away from this central point, but still no crater. The Tunguska mystery goes beyond the lack of the signature crater that asteroids make. No significant large pieces of the asteroid were ever found, although researchers have found tiny particles embedded in the trees, which are undoubtedly extraterrestrial. Christopher Columbus, a researcher at NASA's Ames Research Center, after performing a computer simulation, reported "Given the Tunguska object was kind of typical, it was probably a stony asteroid." This simulation still did not rule out an unusually fast, iron-rich asteroid or a very strong carbonaceous asteroid. Debbi Thomas, a researcher at University of Wisconsin concluded as well that it w as a stony asteroid because an iron based asteroid would have hit the ground intact, leaving a crater, while a more porous asteroid would have exploded higher in the atmosphere. Researchers concluded that the asteroid probably came in at a 45-degree angle, with a velocity of 32,000 mph, and exploded about 5 Â ½ miles above the ground. Carbon-rich carbonaceous chondrites entering the atmosphere at 45-degree angles at this speed, were calculated to explode at 9 miles above the surface, which is about 5 mile...

The marketing communications plan for ultime HP TV Essay

The marketing communications plan for ultime HP TV - Essay Example The marketing communication plan will be divided into two critical sections or stages, of which the first stage spells out the objectives of the plan in terms of the marketing and communication objectives. The second stage of the plan spells out the strategies that will be used in the segmentation, targeting, and positioning processes. Additionally, this report will provide an estimate budget for the marketing communication plan, which will only run for a period of one year and it will only cover the United Kingdom market. According to Malone, the technology industry is busting with innovations in an un-choreographed time schedule, which means that failure to innovate timely product is likely a recipe for failure by the technological companies. The competition is high such that manufacturers in the industry have to continually research and create new products that are more suited to customers’ needs and expectations. Hewlett-Packard Company is a perfect example of a successful company in the global technological industry. The company specializes in the providing technologies, products, software services and solutions for consumers, small and medium term enterprises, and large enterprises.

DiscussionThe Traveling Salesman Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DiscussionThe Traveling Salesman Problem - Essay Example In particular, the paper discusses how a business manager can effectively deliver a specific food product to major hotels located in the five cities. Transport problems, in business management, are considered as networks. A network, according to Shenoy et al (1989), is a set of nodes and arcs, where nodes are destinations and arcs are routes followed. In the problem, nodes are the cities, while arcs are the routes linking the cities. Apart from the nodes and arcs, a business manager considers capacity of a route, maximum flow of an entire system, and activity times in each path or route. In solving delivery problems, business managers use Critical Path Method (CPM) and Project Evaluation Review Technique (PERT). CPM uses the concept of critical activity and critical path in solving transport problems. A critical activity, in a network, is an activity whose time of start affects completion time of the entire project. In delivery problems, critical activities include loading and offloading, fueling and servicing, and drivers’ exchange times. In the delivery problem, critical activities also include time taken by a driver and /or a turn-boy to have breakfast, lunch, dinner, or supper. All these activities determine how fast or slow delivery to hotels in the five cities will be. Therefore, in CPM, a manager identifies points with these activities and organizes them such that minimum time and cost is spent in one complete flow of the food product (Shenoy et al., 1989). In PERT, direction of a flow is not fixed and is thus, considered as random variable. A probabilistic model is, therefore, used to identify a route with the shortest flow time. PERT considers activity time (t0), optimistic time (a), pessimistic time (b), and most likely time (m). Activity time measures duration of an activity, while optimistic time is the shortest possible time an activity can take. Pessimistic time is the longest possible time an activity

Human Trafficking Legal Provisions and Government Responses

Human Trafficking Legal Provisions and Government Responses 1. The trafficking of women, drugs and diamonds involve huge numbers of individuals and groups, there is a higher degree of transnationalism and trade patterns are very complex. There are thousands of human traffickers operating independently within relatively hierarchical groups and exploit tens of thousands of women and girls often in cross border operations that violate countries sovereignty. Under international law governments are obligated to protect their citizens from being trafficked through policies and programmes that aim at prevention and protection of victims. 2. A review of the laws and provisions of various countries provides an impression of the growing awareness and recognition of the issues relating to trafficking across the world. Most of these countries have made efforts to amend their existing laws or to introduce new legislation in consonance with international instruments. 3. Most European countries and US have adopted legislation against human trafficking. The same holds good for South and South East Asian countries including India and her neighbours. Infact in March 1998 in recognition of International Womens Day President Clinton issued an Executive Memorandum on Steps to Combat Trafficking that pledges to combat trafficking in women and girls with a focus on areas of prostitution, victim assistance and protection, and enforcement. The role that various government agencies will play is also outlined. International Framework of Laws An overview of select protocols and conventions that regulate trafficking at the international level is listed at Appendix E- International Framework of Laws Related to Trafficking. Regional Legal Instruments The framework of law in countries of South Asia is listed at Appendix F- Legal Framework in South Asian Countries. India   Initiatives to combat trafficking 4. Prevention and com bating Trafficking of Human Beings has received the highest priority in India and as the problem is multi dimensional, we have adopted a multi-pronged strategy to address the issue. Indias approach to combating trafficking is holistic, participative and inclusive and is not just restricted to primary or direct intervention against trafficking but seeks to eradicate the menace through empowering the potential victims. 4.1 Constitutional and Legal Framework to address Trafficking 4.1.1 India has a fairly wide framework of laws enacted by the Parliament as well as some of the State legislatures in addition to the various constitutional provisions. These are listed in Appendix G à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Legal Framework to Address Trafficking in India. 4.1.2 The premier legislation to tackle trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation is the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956. The Act is being amended in order to further strengthen the various provisions. Salient features of the amendments to ITPA Re-defi ne the age of the child from 16 to 18 years. Deletion of sections, which re-victimize the victims. In-Camera proceedings in Courts to safeguard privacy of victims. Enhanced punishment for traffi ckers, brothel keepers, pimps etc. Punishment for persons who visit brothels for commercial sexual exploitation. Defi nition of traffi cking adopted from the UN Protocol. Setting-up of Centre and State nodal authorities in the States for preventing and combating offence of traffi cking through coordination, investigation, rescue, rehabilitation, judicial support, research and training. 4.2 International Commitments 4.2.1 India is a signatory to a number of international instruments such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and its Optional Protocols; Convention on Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW); UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime with its UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children supplementing above Convention and Millennium Development Goals. 4.2.2 It is also part of major SAARC initiatives for South Asia which includeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ SAARC Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution; SAARC Convention on Regional arrangements for Promotion of Child Welfare in South Asia; SAARC Charter where trafficking issues are to be addressed at regional level. 4.3 Institutional Mechanisms India has a federal set up where law enforcement and public order are primarily State subjects. However, the Central Government too shares responsibility with the States for tackling organized crime such as commercial sexual exploitation rests with the Ministry of Women and Child Development, while the Ministry of Labour deals with all matters related to labour. The Ministry of Home Affairs is responsible for ensuring the enforcement of the various legislations related to the criminal activity of trafficking An example of Centre State collaboration is the high-level Central Advisory Committee to Combat Trafficking for Commercial Sexual Exploitation to deliberate on various aspects on trafficking and recently has formulated Blue Print for Action in the area of Inter-State Rescue Protocol, Prevention, Rehabilitation, Health, Legislation and Management Information System. The Ministry of Social Justice has taken initiatives to prepare a user-friendly system for speedy and effective restoration of missing, abducted/kidnapped and runaway children to their families. As there is a direct linkage between missing persons and trafficking. Therefore, a concerted effort to address the issue of missing women and children will be of immense use and help in preventing and combating trafficking. The Government of India has also set-up autonomous organizations such as National Human Rights Commission, National Commission for Women and National Commission for Protection of Child Rights, which seek to protect the rights of women and children. Policies and Protocols National Plan of Action to Prevent and Combat Human Trafficking with special focus on Children and Women was formulated in 1998, with the objective of mainstreaming and re-integrating women and child victims of commercial sexual exploitation in to the community. The National Plan of Action for Children, 2005 commits itself to ensure that all rights of all children up to the age of 18 years are protected. National Policy for Empowerment of Women, 2001 aims to bring about the advancement, development and empowerment of women. Protocol for Pre-rescue, Rescue and Post-rescue Operations of Child Victims of Trafficking for the Purpose of Commercial Sexual Exploitation provides guidelines for enforcement agencies and NGOs involved in the rescue of victims from their place of exploitation, medical and legal procedures to be followed and rehabilitative measures to be provided to the victims. Protocol on Prevention, Rescue, Repatriation and Rehabilitation of Trafficked and Migrant Child Labour aims to ensure smooth rescue, repatriation and rehabilitation of trafficked and migrant child labour. A blue print of action in interalia the following areas has also been developed: Protocol on Inter-State Rescue and Post-rescue Activities Relating to Trafficked Persons providing guidelines to the State Governments on the inter-state rescue operations, the modalities involved, precautions to be undertaken and responsibility of various stakeholders in providing services to the rescued victim. Prevention of Trafficking of Women and Children à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" It provides for various steps to be undertaken to prevent trafficking of women and children for commercial sexual exploitation and includes formation of adolescent groups and community vigilance groups, anti-trafficking regional networks, appropriate interventions that should be taken up in brothel areas to prevent second-generation prostitution, special measures targeting those communities traditionally involved in commercial sex work and rehabilitation of women who have become old to carry on the profession and are in need of care and protection. Rehabilitation of Victims of Traffi cking à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" It provides for action points related to areas of rehabilitation such as care and support programmes, community based rehabilitation, custody of victims, education and skill building of victims and their ultimate rehabilitation in the society. Human Trafficking Management Information System (HTMIS) provides a format for enforcement agencies to collect data on trafficked victims and traffickers. Programmes and Schemes The Ministry of Women and Child Development runs Shelter homes (Swadhar and Short Stay Homes) for women in difficult circumstances. These also cater to rescued trafficked victims and provides for shelter, food, clothing for women and children, counseling, clinical, medical, legal and other support, training and economic rehabilitation and helpline facilities. A relatively recent sheme known as Ujjawala (Radiance of light) is a Comprehensive Scheme for Prevention of Trafficking and Rescue, Rehabilitation and Re-integration of Victims of Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation. Dhanalakshmi, is a conditional cash transfer scheme for girl child with insurance cover linked to various milestones in a girls life. It is expected that the scheme would ensure that the girl child is not only born but also that she is enrolled and retained in school which would decrease her vulnerability to traffi cking, child labour, child marriage etc. The Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS) scheme aims to provide for children in conflict with law and children in need of care and protection improved institutional care, quality non-institutional, adoption and alternative care, counselling and family support, training and capacity building, CHILDLINE services ,child tracking system and website for missing children. While programs and schemes to rehabilitate and reintegrate victims of trafficking are no doubt important, the mechanisms to prevent the occurrence of trafficking or to create an enabling environment to prevent trafficking is equally if not more important. This is particularly important as trafficking is essentially a developmental issue. Economic Empowerment of women Poverty makes women and children vulnerable to trafficking. Hence poverty alleviation programs feature high in the list to combat trafficking and at the same time achieve economic empowerment. India has embarked on massive poverty alleviation and income generation programs where women beneficiaries are significantly involved. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme ensures at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year with 30% reservation for women beneficiaries. Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women provides updated skills and new knowledge to poor and asset less women in the traditional sectors such as dairy development, animal husbandry sericulture, handloom and social forestry. The Self Help Group (SHG) movement and linking such groups to credit facilities especially micro credit facilities is effectively used in India for both poverty reduction and a conduit for routing a wide range of social development messages and schemes.. The scheme of Swayamsidha Priyadarshini etc are some such schemes based on mobilization of women into Self-Help Groups. The Rashtriya Mahila Kosh an exclusive micro credit agency for women which provides credit to poor and asset-less women in the informal sector. Social and Political Empowerment of Women Economic empowerment of women cannot deliver desired outcomes unless judiciously combined with social and political empowerment. Education was made a Fundamental Right through the 86th Constitutional Amendment. Universalization of Elementary Education, namely the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, has a pronounced gender focus, and creates an enabling environment for encouraging more and more girls to attend schools with various incentives. The National Rural Health Mission aims to improve the availability of and access to equitable, affordable and effective health care to rural people especially poor women and children. To tackle discrimination in the provision of adequate and timely nutrition the National Nutrition Mission addresses the problems of malnutrition in a holistic manner. The Food and Nutrition Board of the MWCD has regional centers and community food and nutrition education units for mass awareness, nutrition education etc. for women and children. The program for Integrated Child Development Services is the largest child care program where children below 6 years and their mothers are provided nutritional and immunization health inputs. In this process, the programme enables an in-built tracking system to ensure the well-being and safety of the beneficiaries. Adolescent girls are highly prone to many forms of violence and abuse especially trafficking . Specific interventions for the welfare of these girls is undertaken through Nutrition Programme for Adolescent Girls where under-weight girls are provided with additional food grains per month. Similarly the Kishori Shakti Yojana program aims at holistic improvement of these girls and equipping them with vocational skills so that they can be gainfully engaged. Political empowerment-Indias concern for safeguarding the democratic rights and privileges of women finds its best expression in the Constitution of India with provisions which empower the State to make affirmative discrimination in favour of women. In a significantly gender empowering measure, the 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Constitution, enabled a 1/3rd reservation of seats for women in the local governance or Panchayat Raj Institutions in the rural and urban areas. These special measures ushered in nearly 1 million women in the electoral fora and decision-making bodies. Gender Budgeting -To ensure that all facets and sectors of the economy are gender sensitive the Government has initiated the process of Gender budgeting which encompasses incorporating a gender perspective and sensitiveness in all sectors à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" be it economic or social. Training and Capacity Building As the tasks for combating trafficking is to be performed by multi stakeholders, the government has laid stress on training and capacity building of different stakeholders such as NGOs, police, Social Workers, Medical Officers, Judiciary and Counselors with comprehensive resource material and communication strategies. Cross border One of the concerns of the Government of India is the problem associated with cross-border trafficking. The Regional Task Force of SAARC for implementation of the SAARC Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution met for the first time in New Delhi on 26th June, 07 in New Delhi. The decisions taken in the SAARC Meeting included sharing best practices, setting up a toll free phone number for use of victims, capacity building and training programmes, wherever possible harmonizing national legislations to tackle trafficking and development of Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for operationalising the Convention, including repatriation of victims. To address the issue of cross-border trafficking between India and Bangladesh, the Ministry of Women and Child Development in collaboration with Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry of External Affairs, UNICEF and Bangladesh Counterparts are in the process for formulating and finalizing a victim friendly Roadmap and Joint Plan of Action for safe, humane and quick repatriation of trafficked victims. Under this, both Indian and Bangladesh have identified that their respective Ministry of Home Affairs would be the focal point for repatriation of trafficked victims. The roadmap and joint plan of action would include §streamlining procedures and processes for safe and quick repatriation of cross border victims to and from Bangladesh; develop uniform checklists/ proformas /guidelines/protocols/case management systems for identification/ registration /interviewing; make appropriate provisions for the care and maintenance of children during the repatriation process; promote exchange of technical skills, especially of skill training/capacity building; set up safe, secure transit points /transit camps at border with adequate physical facilities. Given the seriousness of the trans-border trafficking scenario on the borders, interface has been organised between the law-enforcement officials, NGOs, etc. at various places. For example, a meeting are held between Indian officials and the appropriate authorities in Nepal and Bangladesh. Holistic Approach to Trafficking To formulate a more holistic policy and program for trafficking in persons which will incorporate all forms of trafficking (such as sexual exploitation, child labour, bonded labour, organ trade etc) and enable an integrated approach to tackle the problem, the MWCD in collaboration with Ministry of Home Affairs, National Human Rights Commission and National Commission for Women is formulating an Integrated Plan of Action to Prevent and Combat Trafficking of Human Beings, with special focus on Women and Children. International Cooperation You will all agree that International collaborations, co-operations and sharing of knowledge and information are key to address the global ramifications of trafficking. In all our efforts, our UN partners have been very proactive. The UNODC GIFT programme aims in the South Asia Region to heighten the awareness on the various facets of trafficking. The Delhi Declaration as a collaborative effort between GOI and UNODC has avery strong commitment to protect all children from sexual exploitation and stringent measures against sex selection and violence against the girl child, evolve a synergistic approach in dealing with trafficking issues, reduce demand for prostitution, use of child labour, forced labour and to strengthen the collaborative efforts of NGOs, local Governments, and other institutions to prevent all forms of trafficking. In conclusion, it can be stated that the Union Government and the state governments have taken several initiatives to address the various issues related to the trafficking of women and children. The Plan of Action by the Union Government and their monitoring of the implementation of the programmes in the states have made a notable impact in addressing several aspects of prevention, protection and prosecution. There is clearly an undercurrent of gender discrimination and consequent exploitation in human trafficking. This can be addressed only if the issue of gender is integrated with schemes, programmes and policies in all the relevant sectors. Counter-trafficking measures, especially those relating to prevention and rehabilitation, should be integrated with the policies and programmes of all the related departments. Only such a holistic approach can, in the long run, provide the required empowerment to women and children, especially those in vulnerable circumstances, and equip them w ith safe livelihood options, rights awareness and guarantee against exploitation.